Electrical resonance
Encyclopedia
Electrical resonance occurs in an electric circuit
at a particular resonance frequency
where the imaginary parts of circuit element impedances
or admittance
s cancel each other. In some circuits this happens when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function
is close to one.
Resonant circuits exhibit ringing and can generate higher voltages and currents than are fed into them. They are widely used in wireless
(radio
) transmission for both transmission and reception.
.
At resonance, the series impedance
of the two elements is at a minimum and the parallel impedance is at maximum. Resonance is used for tuning
and filtering, because it occurs at a particular frequency
for given values of inductance
and capacitance
. It can be detrimental to the operation of communications circuits by causing unwanted sustained and transient oscillations that may cause noise
, signal distortion
, and damage to circuit elements.
Parallel resonance or near-to-resonance circuits can be used to prevent the waste of electrical energy, which would otherwise occur while the inductor built its field or the capacitor charged and discharged. As an example, asynchronous motors waste inductive current while synchronous ones waste capacitive current. The use of the two types in parallel makes the inductor feed the capacitor, and vice versa, maintaining the same resonant current in the circuit, and converting all the current into useful work.
Since the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, ωL = 1/ωC, so:
where ω = 2πf, in which f is the resonance frequency in hertz
, L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farad
s when standard SI units are used.
The quality of the resonance (how long it will ring when excited) is determined by its Q factor
, which is a function of resistance.
Electrical network
An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, transmission lines, voltage sources, current sources and switches. An electrical circuit is a special type of network, one that has a closed loop giving a return path for the current...
at a particular resonance frequency
Resonance
In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at a greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies...
where the imaginary parts of circuit element impedances
Electrical impedance
Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, is the measure of the opposition that an electrical circuit presents to the passage of a current when a voltage is applied. In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the voltage to the current in an alternating current circuit...
or admittance
Admittance
In electrical engineering, the admittance is a measure of how easily a circuit or device will allow a current to flow. It is defined as the inverse of the impedance . The SI unit of admittance is the siemens...
s cancel each other. In some circuits this happens when the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is almost zero and the transfer function
Transfer function
A transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system. With optical imaging devices, for example, it is the Fourier transform of the point spread function i.e...
is close to one.
Resonant circuits exhibit ringing and can generate higher voltages and currents than are fed into them. They are widely used in wireless
Wireless
Wireless telecommunications is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications...
(radio
Radio
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
) transmission for both transmission and reception.
Resonance in LC circuits
Resonance of a circuit involving capacitors and inductors occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor, and then the discharging capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the inductor. This process is repeated continually. An analogy is a mechanical pendulumPendulum
A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position...
.
At resonance, the series impedance
Electrical impedance
Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, is the measure of the opposition that an electrical circuit presents to the passage of a current when a voltage is applied. In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the voltage to the current in an alternating current circuit...
of the two elements is at a minimum and the parallel impedance is at maximum. Resonance is used for tuning
Tuned filter
In signal processing, a tuned filter is a stage in the processing channel which accepts or rejects signals which are tuned for a specific type.-History:...
and filtering, because it occurs at a particular frequency
Frequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency.The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency...
for given values of inductance
Inductance
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the ability of an inductor to store energy in a magnetic field. Inductors generate an opposing voltage proportional to the rate of change in current in a circuit...
and capacitance
Capacitance
In electromagnetism and electronics, capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store energy in an electric field. Capacitance is also a measure of the amount of electric potential energy stored for a given electric potential. A common form of energy storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor...
. It can be detrimental to the operation of communications circuits by causing unwanted sustained and transient oscillations that may cause noise
Noise
In common use, the word noise means any unwanted sound. In both analog and digital electronics, noise is random unwanted perturbation to a wanted signal; it is called noise as a generalisation of the acoustic noise heard when listening to a weak radio transmission with significant electrical noise...
, signal distortion
Distortion
A distortion is the alteration of the original shape of an object, image, sound, waveform or other form of information or representation. Distortion is usually unwanted, and often many methods are employed to minimize it in practice...
, and damage to circuit elements.
Parallel resonance or near-to-resonance circuits can be used to prevent the waste of electrical energy, which would otherwise occur while the inductor built its field or the capacitor charged and discharged. As an example, asynchronous motors waste inductive current while synchronous ones waste capacitive current. The use of the two types in parallel makes the inductor feed the capacitor, and vice versa, maintaining the same resonant current in the circuit, and converting all the current into useful work.
Since the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude, ωL = 1/ωC, so:
where ω = 2πf, in which f is the resonance frequency in hertz
Hertz
The hertz is the SI unit of frequency defined as the number of cycles per second of a periodic phenomenon. One of its most common uses is the description of the sine wave, particularly those used in radio and audio applications....
, L is the inductance in henries, and C is the capacitance in farad
Farad
The farad is the SI unit of capacitance. The unit is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.- Definition :A farad is the charge in coulombs which a capacitor will accept for the potential across it to change 1 volt. A coulomb is 1 ampere second...
s when standard SI units are used.
The quality of the resonance (how long it will ring when excited) is determined by its Q factor
Q factor
In physics and engineering the quality factor or Q factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how under-damped an oscillator or resonator is, or equivalently, characterizes a resonator's bandwidth relative to its center frequency....
, which is a function of resistance.
See also
- AntiresonanceAntiresonanceThe condition for which the impedance of a given electric, acoustic, or dynamic system is very high, approaching infinity. In an electric circuit consisting of a capacitor and a coil in parallel, antiresonance occurs when the alternating-current line voltage and the resultant current are in...
- Antenna theory
- Cavity resonator
- Electronic oscillatorElectronic oscillatorAn electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. They are widely used in innumerable electronic devices...
- ResonanceResonanceIn physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at a greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies...
- RLC circuitRLC circuitAn RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor, connected in series or in parallel. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively...
- Electronic filterElectronic filterElectronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both...
- Resonant energy transferResonant energy transferResonant energy transfer may refer to:*Förster resonance energy transfer*Resonant inductive coupling...
- wireless energy transmission between two resonant coils