Dumarsais Estimé
Encyclopedia
Dumarsais Estimé served as the President of Haïti
from 16 August 1946 until 10 May 1950. He was the first black head of state since the US occupation of Haiti
ended in 1934.
. A well-to-do uncle brought him to Port-au-Prince
, Haiti's capital, and financed his education at law school. He graduated and briefly practiced law before becoming a teacher. After the Borno government
expelled him for sedition, Estimé joined Haiti's nationalist movement in 1930 and became an outspoken opponent of the US occupation of his country.
He developed a reputation as a skillful and competent civil servant, becoming one of the few black members of the Haiti's lower chamber of Parliament. Marrying into and allying with elements of Haiti's mulatto elite, he rose through the ranks of the government of Sténio Vincent
and eventually became Minister of Education. An unsuccessful bid for the Haitian presidency in 1941 did not temper his political ambitions. Unlike other prominent political leaders, he was not part of the opposition that eventually sparked a successful uprising against the government of Élie Lescot
.
Initially, his administration included a coalition of dissidents who led opposition to previous regimes. But Estimé learned the United States viewed his government unfavorably as radically left-wing. As the coalition broke up, fiery labor leader Daniel Fignolé
and socialist George Rigaud were eased out of the cabinet. Estimé would later attempt to solidify ties to the United States by exaggerating the communist threat to his government.
Estimé's noiriste government represented a significant departure from previous administrations. Government jobs, including cabinet positions, were overwhelmingly held by black professionals instead of members of the light-skinned elite. The head of the cabinet, Roger Dorsinville, was an impassioned black nationalist who authored Estimé's inaugural speech calling for broad reforms and empowerment of the Haiti's poor masses.
Education policy included the building of provincial schools and expanded training for teachers, leading to 45 percent increase in primary school enrollment. Road-building, literacy campaigns, a national census, and rural development campaign were elements of a broad expansion of social programs.
Pledges of greater protections for workers were reflected in the creation of a new labor bureau and the inclusion of workers' organizing rights in the new constitution. The government held an unprecedented national labor conference in 1949 and increased the daily minimum wage.
This led to increased migration of the unemployed into Port-au-Prince
, who expected new government jobs, burdening the already over-populated capital city. As time wore on and with the state reaching for total control over the labor sector, independent unions became hostile to the regime.
His government was hampered the previous administrations's 1941 accord with the United States, which imposed strict tax controls and allowed for interference in the national budget. A 1947 delegation to Washington DC decried the Export-Import Bank's refusal to forgive and delay dues on millions of dollars of outstanding debts, including those accrued during the US occupation.
In Haiti, large American firms like the rubber-development company SHADA likened labor officials to 'communists.' Estimé placed the board of Haiti's national bank, previously made up of three US representatives and two Haitians, under total Haitian control.
Desperately short of funds to finance his reforms, Estimé issued an extraordinary call to the Haitian people to sacrifice and help raise money. "With them or without them we will liberate the country," he told radio listeners in a 1947 national address, referring to the US refusal to forgive debts. A popular national campaign saw senators accept reduced salaries and donations flow to the government. Five million of an unprecedented internal loan of $7.6 million went towards debt payment.
The US government, worried about increasing anti-American sentiment in Haiti, later issued a loan of $4 million and began development support programs for the Artibonite valley
, tourist industry, and adjustment of SHADA debts.
Estimé's nationalization of Standard Fruit
, part of the thriving banana sector in the countryside, became a disaster. The government's equipment was inadequate and peasant farmers lost critical agriculture support. By 1949, after a severe drought the previous year, the industry was plagued with debts. Corruption, as in much of the Estimé administration and the new black elite class, was widespread. Estimé organized an extravagant $4 million (out of a $13.4 million national budget) carnival celebration called the Exposition in 1950.
attacked Estimé for not going far enough to empower poor blacks.
But elements of the Haitian Army proved the greatest threat to Estimé's government. The Army joined forces with President Rafael Trujillo from the neighboring Dominican Republic in an open attempt to unseat Estimé, prompting the government to declare a national state of siege in 1949. Over the next year, Estimé gradually lost his grip on power - the Senate, political dissidents, the military, and even many noiristes turned against him. A last-ditch attempt to extend his term, break up opposition by mob attacks and dissolve political bodies failed, as did pleas to the US government to support him. Estimé signed a letter of resignation and was exiled to Paris
in May 1950.
President of Haiti
The President of the Republic of Haiti is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti...
from 16 August 1946 until 10 May 1950. He was the first black head of state since the US occupation of Haiti
Haiti
Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...
ended in 1934.
Early life
Estimé was born to a poor family in the small city of VerrettesVerrettes
Verrettes is a municipality in the Saint-Marc Arrondissement, in the Artibonite Department of Haiti. It is located approximately 58 km north of the capital, Port-au-Prince, and has 48,724 inhabitants.- History :...
. A well-to-do uncle brought him to Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince is the capital and largest city of the Caribbean nation of Haiti. The city's population was 704,776 as of the 2003 census, and was officially estimated to have reached 897,859 in 2009....
, Haiti's capital, and financed his education at law school. He graduated and briefly practiced law before becoming a teacher. After the Borno government
Louis Borno
Eustache Antoine Francois Joseph Louis Borno was a lawyer and Haitian politician. He served as President of the Republic of Haiti from 1922 to 1930 during the period of the American occupation of Haiti...
expelled him for sedition, Estimé joined Haiti's nationalist movement in 1930 and became an outspoken opponent of the US occupation of his country.
He developed a reputation as a skillful and competent civil servant, becoming one of the few black members of the Haiti's lower chamber of Parliament. Marrying into and allying with elements of Haiti's mulatto elite, he rose through the ranks of the government of Sténio Vincent
Sténio Vincent
Sténio Joseph Vincent was President of Haiti from November 18, 1930 to May 15, 1941.In October 1930 Haitians chose a national assembly for the first time since 1918, which elected Vincent as President of Haiti...
and eventually became Minister of Education. An unsuccessful bid for the Haitian presidency in 1941 did not temper his political ambitions. Unlike other prominent political leaders, he was not part of the opposition that eventually sparked a successful uprising against the government of Élie Lescot
Élie Lescot
Louis Élie Lescot was the President of Haiti from May 15, 1941 to January 11, 1946. He was a member of the country's light-skinned elite and used the political climate of World War II to sustain his power and ties to the United States, Haiti's powerful northern neighbor...
.
Presidency
A seven-month period of political wrangling under an interim military-led government drew to a close with the election of Estimé in August 1946, the first black president of Haiti since the US occupation ended in 1934.Initially, his administration included a coalition of dissidents who led opposition to previous regimes. But Estimé learned the United States viewed his government unfavorably as radically left-wing. As the coalition broke up, fiery labor leader Daniel Fignolé
Daniel Fignolé
Daniel Fignolé was a Haitian politician who became Haiti's provisional head of state for three weeks in 1957. He was one of the most influential leaders in the pre-Duvalier era, a liberal labor organizer in Port-au-Prince so popular among urban workers that he could call upon them at a moment's...
and socialist George Rigaud were eased out of the cabinet. Estimé would later attempt to solidify ties to the United States by exaggerating the communist threat to his government.
Estimé's noiriste government represented a significant departure from previous administrations. Government jobs, including cabinet positions, were overwhelmingly held by black professionals instead of members of the light-skinned elite. The head of the cabinet, Roger Dorsinville, was an impassioned black nationalist who authored Estimé's inaugural speech calling for broad reforms and empowerment of the Haiti's poor masses.
Education policy included the building of provincial schools and expanded training for teachers, leading to 45 percent increase in primary school enrollment. Road-building, literacy campaigns, a national census, and rural development campaign were elements of a broad expansion of social programs.
Pledges of greater protections for workers were reflected in the creation of a new labor bureau and the inclusion of workers' organizing rights in the new constitution. The government held an unprecedented national labor conference in 1949 and increased the daily minimum wage.
This led to increased migration of the unemployed into Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince is the capital and largest city of the Caribbean nation of Haiti. The city's population was 704,776 as of the 2003 census, and was officially estimated to have reached 897,859 in 2009....
, who expected new government jobs, burdening the already over-populated capital city. As time wore on and with the state reaching for total control over the labor sector, independent unions became hostile to the regime.
Economic Policy
Despite his set of programs, Estimé was largely unable to deliver on his promises of economic liberation.His government was hampered the previous administrations's 1941 accord with the United States, which imposed strict tax controls and allowed for interference in the national budget. A 1947 delegation to Washington DC decried the Export-Import Bank's refusal to forgive and delay dues on millions of dollars of outstanding debts, including those accrued during the US occupation.
In Haiti, large American firms like the rubber-development company SHADA likened labor officials to 'communists.' Estimé placed the board of Haiti's national bank, previously made up of three US representatives and two Haitians, under total Haitian control.
Desperately short of funds to finance his reforms, Estimé issued an extraordinary call to the Haitian people to sacrifice and help raise money. "With them or without them we will liberate the country," he told radio listeners in a 1947 national address, referring to the US refusal to forgive debts. A popular national campaign saw senators accept reduced salaries and donations flow to the government. Five million of an unprecedented internal loan of $7.6 million went towards debt payment.
The US government, worried about increasing anti-American sentiment in Haiti, later issued a loan of $4 million and began development support programs for the Artibonite valley
Artibonite Department
Artibonite is one of the ten departments of Haiti. With an area of 4,984 km² it is Haiti's largest department. Artibonite has a population of 1,168,800 . The region is the country's main rice-growing area. The main cities are Gonaïves and Saint-Marc...
, tourist industry, and adjustment of SHADA debts.
Estimé's nationalization of Standard Fruit
Standard Fruit Company
Standard Fruit Company was established in the United States in 1924 by The Vaccaro Brothers. Its forerunner was started in 1899, when Sicilian immigrants Joseph, Luca and Felix Vaccaro, together with Salvador D'Antoni, began importing bananas to New Orleans from La Ceiba, Honduras...
, part of the thriving banana sector in the countryside, became a disaster. The government's equipment was inadequate and peasant farmers lost critical agriculture support. By 1949, after a severe drought the previous year, the industry was plagued with debts. Corruption, as in much of the Estimé administration and the new black elite class, was widespread. Estimé organized an extravagant $4 million (out of a $13.4 million national budget) carnival celebration called the Exposition in 1950.
Decline and Overthrow
Haiti's mulatto elite was in a state of constant conflict with the Estimé regime, which it saw as discriminatory against light-skinned people. From below, labor leader Daniel FignoleDaniel Fignolé
Daniel Fignolé was a Haitian politician who became Haiti's provisional head of state for three weeks in 1957. He was one of the most influential leaders in the pre-Duvalier era, a liberal labor organizer in Port-au-Prince so popular among urban workers that he could call upon them at a moment's...
attacked Estimé for not going far enough to empower poor blacks.
But elements of the Haitian Army proved the greatest threat to Estimé's government. The Army joined forces with President Rafael Trujillo from the neighboring Dominican Republic in an open attempt to unseat Estimé, prompting the government to declare a national state of siege in 1949. Over the next year, Estimé gradually lost his grip on power - the Senate, political dissidents, the military, and even many noiristes turned against him. A last-ditch attempt to extend his term, break up opposition by mob attacks and dissolve political bodies failed, as did pleas to the US government to support him. Estimé signed a letter of resignation and was exiled to Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
in May 1950.