Delmas Milling v Du Plessis
Encyclopedia
Delmas Milling Co Ltd. v Du Plessis is an important case in South African contract law
. It was heard in the Appellate Division by Centlivres CJ, Schreiner JA, Van Den Heever JA, Hoexter JA and Fagan JA on June 13, 1955
, with judgment handed down on June 20. It was an appeal from a decision in the Transvaal
Provincial Division, which it upheld.
, a document was signed on behalf of Delmas Milling, and by J.F. du Plessis in confirmation. It read as follows:
The portion italicised was in writing; the remainder of the document was printed.
In a declaration claiming damages for an alleged breach of the contract, Delmas contended that it had, at Du Plessis's request, extended the date of delivery to July 20, 1953, and that Du Plessis, after delivering 1,000 bags of beans, had then refused to deliver the remaining 1,750. The damages claimed were in respect of this balance; the breach was Du Plessis's failure to perform within the prescribed time.
Du Plessis pleaded that, having delivered 1,000 bags before the stipulated date, he was only obliged to deliver the balance when the contract price had been adjusted, and that Delmas had refused to agree on a mutual adjustment. Delmas excepted to this plea and applied to strike out certain portions of it. The disputed clause was the sentence which begins "Failing delivery..."
The Provincial Division dismissed both the exception and the application to strike out.
to sell. If the contract was to be construed as one of purchase and sale, the clause must have been inserted for the benefit of the respondent, in which case he could not be said to be taking advantage of his own wrong (in failing to deliver by the stipulated date) when he relied on the clause. The court held further that, as there was no ambiguity in the meaning of the disputed clause, evidence of surrounding circumstances could not affect that meaning.
Schreiner found that the word "purchase" was inconsistent with a mere option to sell, and held that, when there is a serious difficulty in interpreting a contract, and the court is not obliged to decide the matter on exception, it should not do so.
Hoexter held that the exception to the plea had rightly been dismissed on the grounds that the contract could be construed as a mere option to sell, not on the grounds that it was incapable of any other meaning.
The decision in the Provincial Division was thus confirmed.
If the difficulty cannot be cleared up with sufficient certainty by studying the language, recourse may be had to "surrounding circumstances," or matters that were probably present to the minds of the parties when they contracted (but not actual negotiations and similar statements).
The third and final class of case is where even the use of surrounding circumstances does not provide "sufficient certainty." These are cases of ambiguity in the narrow sense: After surrounding circumstances have been considered, there is still no substantial balance in favour of one meaning rather than another. Recourse may then be had to what passed between the parties on the subject of the contract. The court should use outside evidence as conservatively as possible, but use it it must if necessary to reach what seems to be a sufficient degree of certainty as to the right meaning.
South African contract law
South African contract law is "essentially a modernised version of the Roman-Dutch law of contract," which is itself rooted in Roman law. In the broadest definition, a contract is an agreement entered into by two or more parties with the serious intention of creating a legal obligation...
. It was heard in the Appellate Division by Centlivres CJ, Schreiner JA, Van Den Heever JA, Hoexter JA and Fagan JA on June 13, 1955
1955 in South Africa
-January:* Mimi Coertse makes her debut as the First Flower girl in Parsifal at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples with Karl Böhm conducting.-March:...
, with judgment handed down on June 20. It was an appeal from a decision in the Transvaal
Transvaal
The Transvaal is the name of an area of northern South Africa. The land originally comprised most of the independent Boer South African Republic, which had existed since 1856, despite two previous attempts by the British of varying success to establish supremacy...
Provincial Division, which it upheld.
Facts
In June 19531953 in South Africa
-May:* 9 May - The Liberal Party of South Africa is formed in Cape Town by Alan Paton-July:* 29 July - Santam Insurance Company is registered, following the separation of trust and insurance operations-November:...
, a document was signed on behalf of Delmas Milling, and by J.F. du Plessis in confirmation. It read as follows:
We beg to confirm the purchase of, 2,750/3,250 Bags
New Season Kidney Beans As Inspected On Farm Strydpan
Price Eighty shillings 80/ - Per Bag Of
Terms 200 lbs. Nett Delivered.
Delivered in good order and condition at Delmas Milling Co.
Mills At Delmas.
For Delivery Up To The 10/7/53.
Failing delivery within the prescribed time the above
price is subject to adjustment.
All deliveries must be in accordance with Grades
specified above.
Please note that all conditions mentioned herein
must be strictly adhered to.
Payment On Delivery
At Mill.
The portion italicised was in writing; the remainder of the document was printed.
In a declaration claiming damages for an alleged breach of the contract, Delmas contended that it had, at Du Plessis's request, extended the date of delivery to July 20, 1953, and that Du Plessis, after delivering 1,000 bags of beans, had then refused to deliver the remaining 1,750. The damages claimed were in respect of this balance; the breach was Du Plessis's failure to perform within the prescribed time.
Du Plessis pleaded that, having delivered 1,000 bags before the stipulated date, he was only obliged to deliver the balance when the contract price had been adjusted, and that Delmas had refused to agree on a mutual adjustment. Delmas excepted to this plea and applied to strike out certain portions of it. The disputed clause was the sentence which begins "Failing delivery..."
The Provincial Division dismissed both the exception and the application to strike out.
Findings
Centlivres held that the effect of the disputed clause was to make the contract an optionOption contract
An option contract is defined as "a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisor's power to revoke an offer." Restatement of Contracts § 25 ....
to sell. If the contract was to be construed as one of purchase and sale, the clause must have been inserted for the benefit of the respondent, in which case he could not be said to be taking advantage of his own wrong (in failing to deliver by the stipulated date) when he relied on the clause. The court held further that, as there was no ambiguity in the meaning of the disputed clause, evidence of surrounding circumstances could not affect that meaning.
Schreiner found that the word "purchase" was inconsistent with a mere option to sell, and held that, when there is a serious difficulty in interpreting a contract, and the court is not obliged to decide the matter on exception, it should not do so.
Hoexter held that the exception to the plea had rightly been dismissed on the grounds that the contract could be construed as a mere option to sell, not on the grounds that it was incapable of any other meaning.
The decision in the Provincial Division was thus confirmed.
Interpretation
Delmas Milling v Du Plessis is most often cited as precedent in the area of contractual interpretation, with its stipulation that there are three broad classes of evidence to be used when documents fall to be interpreted. Where, although there be difficulty in interpretation, it can nevertheless be cleared up by linguistic treatment, this must be done. The only permissible evidence in such cases is of an identificatory nature.If the difficulty cannot be cleared up with sufficient certainty by studying the language, recourse may be had to "surrounding circumstances," or matters that were probably present to the minds of the parties when they contracted (but not actual negotiations and similar statements).
The third and final class of case is where even the use of surrounding circumstances does not provide "sufficient certainty." These are cases of ambiguity in the narrow sense: After surrounding circumstances have been considered, there is still no substantial balance in favour of one meaning rather than another. Recourse may then be had to what passed between the parties on the subject of the contract. The court should use outside evidence as conservatively as possible, but use it it must if necessary to reach what seems to be a sufficient degree of certainty as to the right meaning.
Books
- Du Plessis, Jacques, et al. The Law of Contract in South Africa. Edited by Dale Hutchison, Chris-James Pretorius, Mark Townsend and Helena Janisch. Cape TownCape TownCape Town is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape. As the seat of the National Parliament, it is also the legislative capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality...
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