Deafhood
Encyclopedia
Deafhood is a term coined by Paddy Ladd
in his book "Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood." While the precise meaning of the word remains deliberately vague—Ladd himself calls Deafhood a "process" rather than something finite and clear—it attempts to convey an affirmative and positive acceptance of being deaf.
Unlike deafness
, which is often used to describe deaf people only in terms of their hearing loss
, Deafhood asserts being Deaf has a positive value for humankind and does not need to be cured like a disease. Many other Deaf people, like Ella Mae Lentz have used this term to explain a Deaf person's unique personal journey to discover and understand themselves as a Deaf person. Some in the Deaf community, regardless of whether or not they had read Ladd's book, latched onto this concept as a way to unite the varied segments of the deaf community. Others have found the term too ambiguous to be helpful.
H-Dirksen L. Bauman quotes Ladd's definition of Deafhood in the introduction of the work Open Your Eyes:
According to Ladd, Deafhood requires Deaf people to evaluate and liberate themselves from the oppression they have faced historically from the majority hearing society. To this process of self-liberation, Ladd writes:
people because of the history of discrimination Deaf individuals faced. Many Deaf individuals faced audism
, a new term meaning to discriminate based on the inability to hear. Deaf people historically have often been considered incapable of abstract thinking, since they lacked speech to express thoughts.
This tradition of thought was overturned during the period of Enlightenment
. The ideology during this period was focused on scientific thinking. Two major schools of thought emerged concerning which method of education would benefit deaf children: with a visual sign language or with solely speaking and lipreading, manualism
vs. oralism
. Since sign language was associated with prejudices of inferiority, of being unequal with spoken languages, of lacking abstract vocabulary, and of possessing no grammar, the oral
school won control in the education of the deaf
everywhere.
Through this type of education, deaf children acquire certain negative notions of deafness, of superiority of speaking over signing, of hearing people being smarter. The stigma from this movement largely affects many Deaf people today. There is a large need to disassociate from this oppressive thinking in their adult lives, when they participate in the Deaf Culture
. When William Stokoe
and other linguists, showed that American Sign Language was a true language with its own grammatical structure, Deaf people in America became more motivated to seek recognition from mainstream society on the legitimacy of American Deaf culture and their status as a linguistic minority.
Deafhood has received recognition during the protests at Gallaudet University
in Washington, D.C. in May and October 2006. Gallaudet University is still the world's only university in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students.
Paddy Ladd
Dr. Paddy Ladd is a scholar, author, activist and researcher of Deaf culture . He is currently a lecturer and MSC Coordinator at the Centre for Deaf Studies at the University of Bristol . He held the Powrie V. Doctor Chair in Deaf Studies at Gallaudet University, Washington DC . He completed his Ph.D...
in his book "Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood." While the precise meaning of the word remains deliberately vague—Ladd himself calls Deafhood a "process" rather than something finite and clear—it attempts to convey an affirmative and positive acceptance of being deaf.
Unlike deafness
Hearing impairment
-Definition:Deafness is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound.-Environmental Situations:Deafness can be caused by environmental situations such as noise, trauma, or other ear defections...
, which is often used to describe deaf people only in terms of their hearing loss
Hearing impairment
-Definition:Deafness is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound.-Environmental Situations:Deafness can be caused by environmental situations such as noise, trauma, or other ear defections...
, Deafhood asserts being Deaf has a positive value for humankind and does not need to be cured like a disease. Many other Deaf people, like Ella Mae Lentz have used this term to explain a Deaf person's unique personal journey to discover and understand themselves as a Deaf person. Some in the Deaf community, regardless of whether or not they had read Ladd's book, latched onto this concept as a way to unite the varied segments of the deaf community. Others have found the term too ambiguous to be helpful.
H-Dirksen L. Bauman quotes Ladd's definition of Deafhood in the introduction of the work Open Your Eyes:
"Deafhood is not seen as a finite state but as a process by which Deaf individuals come to actualize their Deaf identity, positing that those individuals construct that identity around several differently ordered sets of priorities and principles, which are affected by various factors such as nation, era, and class."
According to Ladd, Deafhood requires Deaf people to evaluate and liberate themselves from the oppression they have faced historically from the majority hearing society. To this process of self-liberation, Ladd writes:
"...I found myself and others coining a new label of 'Deafhood.' Deafhood is not, however, a 'static' medical condition like 'deafness.' Instead, it represents a process - the struggle by each Deaf child, Deaf family and Deaf adult to explain to themselves and each other their own existence in the world. In sharing their lives with each other as a community, and enacting those explanations rather than writing books about them, Deaf people are engaged in a daily praxis, a continuing internal and external dialogue." (Ladd, 2003:3)
Internationalist Aspects of Deafhood
Paddy Ladd states that the heart of Deafhood is the international spirit. Communication is difficult on an international level because signed languages are not universal and each country can have one or more signed languages. Signing must be kept in the purest form possible, leaving out "accents" and other added effects so that both parties can be understood. In these settings, Ladd states "one's national identity begins a process of 'enlarging' itself into a transnational commonality of Deafhood." This points to the fact that there are two approaches to Deafhood. One is based on the effort in maintaining Deafhood within the boundaries of the oppressive Deaf world as it was historically. The second approach is focused on trying to do the opposite—to enlarge the idea of what Deafhood might mean, taking ideas from anywhere and adapting them to Deaf life.Historical Views of Deafness
The concept is empowering for DeafHearing impairment
-Definition:Deafness is the inability for the ear to interpret certain or all frequencies of sound.-Environmental Situations:Deafness can be caused by environmental situations such as noise, trauma, or other ear defections...
people because of the history of discrimination Deaf individuals faced. Many Deaf individuals faced audism
Audism
Audism is a term typically used to describe discrimination against deaf or hard of hearing people, although it could also be expanded to include anyone with a difference in hearing ability. This discrimination can occur in a number of forms in a range that includes both physical, cultural, and...
, a new term meaning to discriminate based on the inability to hear. Deaf people historically have often been considered incapable of abstract thinking, since they lacked speech to express thoughts.
This tradition of thought was overturned during the period of Enlightenment
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state...
. The ideology during this period was focused on scientific thinking. Two major schools of thought emerged concerning which method of education would benefit deaf children: with a visual sign language or with solely speaking and lipreading, manualism
Manualism and oralism
Education of the deaf consists of two main approaches: manualism and oralism. Manualism is the education of deaf students using sign language and oralism is the education of deaf students using spoken language...
vs. oralism
Oralism
Oralism is the education of deaf students through spoken language by using lip reading, speech, and mimicking the mouth shapes and breathing patterns of speech instead of using sign language within the classroom...
. Since sign language was associated with prejudices of inferiority, of being unequal with spoken languages, of lacking abstract vocabulary, and of possessing no grammar, the oral
Speech
Speech is the human faculty of speaking.It may also refer to:* Public speaking, the process of speaking to a group of people* Manner of articulation, how the body parts involved in making speech are manipulated...
school won control in the education of the deaf
Deaf culture
Deaf culture describes the social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label, the word deaf is often written with a...
everywhere.
Through this type of education, deaf children acquire certain negative notions of deafness, of superiority of speaking over signing, of hearing people being smarter. The stigma from this movement largely affects many Deaf people today. There is a large need to disassociate from this oppressive thinking in their adult lives, when they participate in the Deaf Culture
Deaf culture
Deaf culture describes the social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label, the word deaf is often written with a...
. When William Stokoe
William Stokoe
William C. Stokoe, Jr. was a scholar who researched American Sign Language extensively while he worked at Gallaudet University. He coined the term cherology, the equivalent of phonology for sign language .Stokoe graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, NY in 1941, and in...
and other linguists, showed that American Sign Language was a true language with its own grammatical structure, Deaf people in America became more motivated to seek recognition from mainstream society on the legitimacy of American Deaf culture and their status as a linguistic minority.
Deafhood has received recognition during the protests at Gallaudet University
Gallaudet University
Gallaudet University is a federally-chartered university for the education of the deaf and hard of hearing, located in the District of Columbia, U.S...
in Washington, D.C. in May and October 2006. Gallaudet University is still the world's only university in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students.