Conformal coating
Encyclopedia
Conformal coating material is applied to electronic circuitry to act as protection against moisture, dust, chemicals, and temperature extremes that, if uncoated (non-protected), could result in damage or failure of the electronics to function. When electronics must withstand harsh environments and added protection is necessary, most circuit board assembly houses coat assemblies with a layer of transparent conformal coating rather than potting
.
may suffer degraded accuracy if insulating surfaces become contaminated with ionic
substances such as fingerprint residues, which can become weakly conductive in the presence of moisture. (The classic symptom of micro-contamination on an analog circuit board is sudden changes in performance at high humidity, for example when a technician breathes on it.) Furthermore, a suitably chosen material coating has proved to actually reduce the effects of mechanical stress and vibrations on the circuit and its ability to cope in extreme temperatures.
For example, in a chip-on-board assembly process, a silicon die
is mounted on the board with an adhesive or a soldering
process, then electrically connected by wire bonding
, typically with .001-inch-diameter gold or aluminum wire. The chip and the wire are very delicate, so they're encapsulated in a version of conformal coating called "glob top." This prevents accidental contact from damaging the wires or the chip. Another use of conformal coating is to increase the voltage
rating of a dense circuit assembly; an insulating coating can withstand a much stronger electric field
than air, particularly at high altitude.
With the exception of parylene
, most organic coatings are readily penetrated by water molecules. A coating preserves the performance of precision electronics primarily by preventing ionizable contaminants such as salts from reaching circuit nodes
, and combining there with water to form a microscopically thin electrolyte
film. For this reason, coating is far more effective if all surface contamination is removed first, using a highly repeatable industrial process such as vapor degreasing
or semi-aqueous washing in a special machine. Extreme cleanliness also greatly improves adhesion. Pinholes would defeat the purpose of the coating, because a continuous contaminant film would be able to make contact with the circuit nodes and form undesired conductive paths between them.
The coating material can be applied by various methods, from brushing, spraying and dipping, or, due to the increasing complexities of the electronic boards being designed and with the 'process window' becoming smaller and smaller, by selectively coating via robot.
Brush coating
This works by flow coating the material onto the board and is suitable for low volume application, finishing and repair. The finish tends to be inferior cosmetically and can be subject to many defects such as bubbles. The coating also tends to be thicker and unless skilled operators used the coating, highly subjective in quality.
Spray application coating
This coating can be completed with a spray aerosol or dedicated spray booth with spray gun and is suitable for low and medium volume processing. The quality of the surface finish can be superior to all other methods when a trained skilled operator completes the process, as long as the circuit board is clean and the coating has no adhesion issues. The coating application may be limited due to 3D effects but masking requirements are more "shield" than "barrier" since the penetration is less effective. However, the lack of penetration can be an issue where coating is desired to penetrate under devices.
Conformal coating dipping
This coating is a highly repeatable process and if the PCB is designed correctly can be the highest volume technique. Coating penetrates everywhere, including under devices, and therefore any masking must be perfect to prevent leakage. Therefore, many PCBs are completely unsuitable for dipping due to design. The issue of "thin tip coverage" where the material slumps around sharp edges can be a problem especially in a highly condensing atmosphere. This tip coverage effect can be eliminated by either double dipping the PCB or using several thin layers of atomised spraying to achieve good coverage without exceeding coating thickness recommendations. A combination of the two techniques may also be used.
Typical robotic processes
This involves needle & atomised spray applicator, non-atomised spray or ultrasonic valve technologies that can move above the circuit board and dispense / spray the coating material in selective areas. Flow rates and material viscosity
are programmed into the computer system controlling the applicator so that the desired coating thickness is maintained. This method is highly effective at large volumes as long as the PCBs are designed for the method. However, there are limitations in the select coat process like all the other processes, such as potentially capillary effects around low profile connectors which "suck" up the coating accidentally.
The process quality of dip or dam-and-fill coating and non-atomised spray technology can be improved when necessary by applying and then releasing a vacuum while the assembly is submerged in the liquid resin. This forces the liquid resin into all crevices, eliminating uncoated surfaces in interior cavities.
The differences in application methods can be seen in a comparison presentation. Choice of method is dependent on the complexity of the substrate to be conformally coated, the required coating performance, and the throughput requirements.
Conformal Coating Curing & Drying
Different Methods of curing / drying are available depending on the conformal coating material.
Solvent & Water based conformal Coatings
For standard solvent based acrylics, air drying (film forming) is the normal process except where speed is essential. Then accelerated heat curing can be used, using batch or inline ovens / conveyors and using typical cure profiles which are designed for max efficient curing without damage to the coating.
Water based conformal coatings can be treated in the same manner but with more care with the application of the heat due to the slower drying times.
UV curing UV Conformal coatings
UV curing of conformal coatings is becoming increasingly important for high volume users in fields such as automotive and consumer electronics.
This increase in the popularity of UV curable conformal coatings is due to its rapid cure speed, level of processing ease, environmental friendliness and thermal cycling resistance, which have never before been achieved with UV conformal coating materials.
Conformal Coating Thickness & Measurement
Coating material when dry (after curing
) should typically have a thickness of 30 – for situations where direct condensation of moisture occurs according to the IPC standards. This applies directly to acrylic and polyurethane coatings. For silicone the coating thickness recommended by the IPC standards is 50 –.
There are several methods for measurement of conformal coating thickness and they fall into two categories. These categories are wet film & dry film conformal coating measurements.
Wet Film Conformal Coating Measurement
The wet film conformal coating thickness method ensures quality control while the coating is still wet.
Applying too much coating can be expensive. Also. wet film measurements are useful for conformal coatings where the dry film thickness can only be measured destructively or over application of conformal coating could be problematic.
The wet film gauges are applied to the wet conformal coating and the teeth indicate the thickness of the conformal coating. The dry film thickness can then be calculated from the measurement.
Dry Film Conformal Coating Thickness Measurement
An alternative method to wet film measurement is using a non contact technique using eddy currents. The system works by placing the test head on the surface of the conformal coating, the measurement is almost instantaneous and provides an immediate repeatable result for thickness measurement of conformal coating.
Test coupons are the ideal method for measuring the coating thickness, whether is it spraying or dipping, and can be kept as a physical record of the performance. Apply the coating to the test coupons at the same time as the circuit boards provides a permanent measurement and an accurate guide to the coating thickness.
Thicker coatings or better applied coatings may be required when liquid water is present due to potential microscopic pinhole formation in the coating or when the coating material is too thin on the sharp edges of components due to poor application techniques. The former effect is a defect and can be eliminated by appropriate steps and the latter has been mentioned previously. These techniques effectively "pot" or "conform" to the components by completely covering them.
Conformal Coating Selection
The selection of conformal coating material is a crucial factor that needs to be considered carefully and in relation to the application method. The wrong selection can not only affect the long term reliability of the circuit board but can cause massive difficulties with both processing and costs.
The most common standards for conformal coating are IPC A-610 and IPC-CC-830. These standards list indications of good and bad coverage and describe various failure mechanisms such as dewetting
and orange peel.
Conformal coating inspection is a critical factor in determining successful coating application and long term reliability of PCBs. Using the IPC standards allows the coating operator to monitor the coating application performance. This can be done manually by the operator in an inspection booth by examining the PCB under white and UVA light or it can be done automatically by a conformal coating inspection system.
Another type of coating called parylene
is applied with a vacuum deposition
process versus a spray or needle application. The parylene is applied at the molecular level by a vacuum deposition process at ambient temperature. Film coatings from 0.100 to 76 μm can be easily applied in a single operation. The advantage of parylene coatings is that they cover hidden surfaces and other areas where spray and needle application are not possible. Coating thickness is very uniform, even on irregular surfaces. The three main disadvantages are that (i) any desired contact points such as battery
contacts or connectors must be carefully covered with an air-tight mask to prevent the parylene from coating the contacts, (ii) it is a batch process and does not lend itself to high volume processing, and (iii) the cost per PCB can be highly prohibitive due to the capital investment costs and the cost per batch.
There are many chemistries of conformal coatings out on the market today. While the "Material Considerations" section below is very important to finding the correct conformal coating, it is also important to find a coating chemistry which meets your application needs. Below are five common strengths for each conformal coating chemistry. Click here for a full list of pros and cons on the different conformal coating chemistries
Acrylic
Epoxy
Polyurethane
Silicones
Fluorinated or non Fluorinated - Poly-Para-Xylylene (Parylene)
Amorphous Fluoropolymer
The basics of conformal coating processing can be understood from a presentation available giving a summary of the areas covered above.
Answers will determine the suitability of a particular material, be it acrylic
, polyurethane
, silicone, epoxy, etc. Process, production and commercial issues will then enter the equation:
Potting (electronics)
In electronics, potting is a process of filling a complete electronic assembly with a solid or gelatinous compound for resistance to shock and vibration, and for exclusion of moisture and corrosive agents...
.
Applications
Precision analog circuitryAnalogue electronics
Analogue electronics are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two different levels. The term "analogue" describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal...
may suffer degraded accuracy if insulating surfaces become contaminated with ionic
Ionic compound
In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. Usually, the positively charged portion consists of metal cations and the negatively charged portion is an anion or polyatomic ion. Ions in ionic compounds are held together...
substances such as fingerprint residues, which can become weakly conductive in the presence of moisture. (The classic symptom of micro-contamination on an analog circuit board is sudden changes in performance at high humidity, for example when a technician breathes on it.) Furthermore, a suitably chosen material coating has proved to actually reduce the effects of mechanical stress and vibrations on the circuit and its ability to cope in extreme temperatures.
For example, in a chip-on-board assembly process, a silicon die
Die (integrated circuit)
A die in the context of integrated circuits is a small block of semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated.Typically, integrated circuits are produced in large batches on a single wafer of electronic-grade silicon or other semiconductor through processes such as...
is mounted on the board with an adhesive or a soldering
Soldering
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece...
process, then electrically connected by wire bonding
Wire bonding
Wire bonding is the primary method of making interconnections between an integrated circuit and a printed circuit board during semiconductor device fabrication. Although less common, wire bonding can be used to connect an IC to other electronics or to connect from one PCB to another...
, typically with .001-inch-diameter gold or aluminum wire. The chip and the wire are very delicate, so they're encapsulated in a version of conformal coating called "glob top." This prevents accidental contact from damaging the wires or the chip. Another use of conformal coating is to increase the voltage
Voltage
Voltage, otherwise known as electrical potential difference or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points — or the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points...
rating of a dense circuit assembly; an insulating coating can withstand a much stronger electric field
Electric field
In physics, an electric field surrounds electrically charged particles and time-varying magnetic fields. The electric field depicts the force exerted on other electrically charged objects by the electrically charged particle the field is surrounding...
than air, particularly at high altitude.
With the exception of parylene
Parylene
Parylene is the tradename for a variety of chemical vapor deposited poly polymers used as moisture and dielectric barriers. Among them, Parylene C is the most popular due to its combination of barrier properties, cost, and other processing advantages.Parylene is green polymer chemistry...
, most organic coatings are readily penetrated by water molecules. A coating preserves the performance of precision electronics primarily by preventing ionizable contaminants such as salts from reaching circuit nodes
Node (circuits)
In electrical engineering, node refers to any point on a circuit where two or more circuit elements meet. For two nodes to be different, their voltages must be different. Without any further knowledge, it is easy to establish how to find a node by using Ohm's Law: V=IR. When looking at circuit...
, and combining there with water to form a microscopically thin electrolyte
Electrolyte
In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible....
film. For this reason, coating is far more effective if all surface contamination is removed first, using a highly repeatable industrial process such as vapor degreasing
Vapor Degreasing
Vapor degreasing is a surface finishing process. It involves solvents in vapor form to cleanse the workpiece in preparation for further finishing operations.-Process:...
or semi-aqueous washing in a special machine. Extreme cleanliness also greatly improves adhesion. Pinholes would defeat the purpose of the coating, because a continuous contaminant film would be able to make contact with the circuit nodes and form undesired conductive paths between them.
Coating methods
Coating Application TechniquesThe coating material can be applied by various methods, from brushing, spraying and dipping, or, due to the increasing complexities of the electronic boards being designed and with the 'process window' becoming smaller and smaller, by selectively coating via robot.
Brush coating
This works by flow coating the material onto the board and is suitable for low volume application, finishing and repair. The finish tends to be inferior cosmetically and can be subject to many defects such as bubbles. The coating also tends to be thicker and unless skilled operators used the coating, highly subjective in quality.
Spray application coating
This coating can be completed with a spray aerosol or dedicated spray booth with spray gun and is suitable for low and medium volume processing. The quality of the surface finish can be superior to all other methods when a trained skilled operator completes the process, as long as the circuit board is clean and the coating has no adhesion issues. The coating application may be limited due to 3D effects but masking requirements are more "shield" than "barrier" since the penetration is less effective. However, the lack of penetration can be an issue where coating is desired to penetrate under devices.
Conformal coating dipping
This coating is a highly repeatable process and if the PCB is designed correctly can be the highest volume technique. Coating penetrates everywhere, including under devices, and therefore any masking must be perfect to prevent leakage. Therefore, many PCBs are completely unsuitable for dipping due to design. The issue of "thin tip coverage" where the material slumps around sharp edges can be a problem especially in a highly condensing atmosphere. This tip coverage effect can be eliminated by either double dipping the PCB or using several thin layers of atomised spraying to achieve good coverage without exceeding coating thickness recommendations. A combination of the two techniques may also be used.
Typical robotic processes
This involves needle & atomised spray applicator, non-atomised spray or ultrasonic valve technologies that can move above the circuit board and dispense / spray the coating material in selective areas. Flow rates and material viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity...
are programmed into the computer system controlling the applicator so that the desired coating thickness is maintained. This method is highly effective at large volumes as long as the PCBs are designed for the method. However, there are limitations in the select coat process like all the other processes, such as potentially capillary effects around low profile connectors which "suck" up the coating accidentally.
The process quality of dip or dam-and-fill coating and non-atomised spray technology can be improved when necessary by applying and then releasing a vacuum while the assembly is submerged in the liquid resin. This forces the liquid resin into all crevices, eliminating uncoated surfaces in interior cavities.
The differences in application methods can be seen in a comparison presentation. Choice of method is dependent on the complexity of the substrate to be conformally coated, the required coating performance, and the throughput requirements.
Conformal Coating Curing & Drying
Different Methods of curing / drying are available depending on the conformal coating material.
Solvent & Water based conformal Coatings
For standard solvent based acrylics, air drying (film forming) is the normal process except where speed is essential. Then accelerated heat curing can be used, using batch or inline ovens / conveyors and using typical cure profiles which are designed for max efficient curing without damage to the coating.
Water based conformal coatings can be treated in the same manner but with more care with the application of the heat due to the slower drying times.
UV curing UV Conformal coatings
UV curing of conformal coatings is becoming increasingly important for high volume users in fields such as automotive and consumer electronics.
This increase in the popularity of UV curable conformal coatings is due to its rapid cure speed, level of processing ease, environmental friendliness and thermal cycling resistance, which have never before been achieved with UV conformal coating materials.
Conformal Coating Thickness & Measurement
Coating material when dry (after curing
Curing (chemistry)
Curing is a term in polymer chemistry and process engineering that refers to the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains, brought about by chemical additives, ultraviolet radiation, electron beam or heat...
) should typically have a thickness of 30 – for situations where direct condensation of moisture occurs according to the IPC standards. This applies directly to acrylic and polyurethane coatings. For silicone the coating thickness recommended by the IPC standards is 50 –.
There are several methods for measurement of conformal coating thickness and they fall into two categories. These categories are wet film & dry film conformal coating measurements.
Wet Film Conformal Coating Measurement
The wet film conformal coating thickness method ensures quality control while the coating is still wet.
Applying too much coating can be expensive. Also. wet film measurements are useful for conformal coatings where the dry film thickness can only be measured destructively or over application of conformal coating could be problematic.
The wet film gauges are applied to the wet conformal coating and the teeth indicate the thickness of the conformal coating. The dry film thickness can then be calculated from the measurement.
Dry Film Conformal Coating Thickness Measurement
An alternative method to wet film measurement is using a non contact technique using eddy currents. The system works by placing the test head on the surface of the conformal coating, the measurement is almost instantaneous and provides an immediate repeatable result for thickness measurement of conformal coating.
Test coupons are the ideal method for measuring the coating thickness, whether is it spraying or dipping, and can be kept as a physical record of the performance. Apply the coating to the test coupons at the same time as the circuit boards provides a permanent measurement and an accurate guide to the coating thickness.
Thicker coatings or better applied coatings may be required when liquid water is present due to potential microscopic pinhole formation in the coating or when the coating material is too thin on the sharp edges of components due to poor application techniques. The former effect is a defect and can be eliminated by appropriate steps and the latter has been mentioned previously. These techniques effectively "pot" or "conform" to the components by completely covering them.
Conformal Coating Selection
The selection of conformal coating material is a crucial factor that needs to be considered carefully and in relation to the application method. The wrong selection can not only affect the long term reliability of the circuit board but can cause massive difficulties with both processing and costs.
The most common standards for conformal coating are IPC A-610 and IPC-CC-830. These standards list indications of good and bad coverage and describe various failure mechanisms such as dewetting
Dewetting
In fluid mechanics, dewetting is one of the processes that can occur at a solid–liquid or liquid–liquid interface. Generally, dewetting describes the rupture of a thin liquid film on the substrate and the formation of droplets. The opposite process—spreading of a liquid on a substrate—is called...
and orange peel.
Conformal coating inspection is a critical factor in determining successful coating application and long term reliability of PCBs. Using the IPC standards allows the coating operator to monitor the coating application performance. This can be done manually by the operator in an inspection booth by examining the PCB under white and UVA light or it can be done automatically by a conformal coating inspection system.
Another type of coating called parylene
Parylene
Parylene is the tradename for a variety of chemical vapor deposited poly polymers used as moisture and dielectric barriers. Among them, Parylene C is the most popular due to its combination of barrier properties, cost, and other processing advantages.Parylene is green polymer chemistry...
is applied with a vacuum deposition
Vacuum deposition
Vacuum deposition is a family of processes used to deposit layers atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule at sub-atmospheric pressure on a solid surface. The layers may be as thin as one atom to millimeters thick . There may be multiple layers of different materials...
process versus a spray or needle application. The parylene is applied at the molecular level by a vacuum deposition process at ambient temperature. Film coatings from 0.100 to 76 μm can be easily applied in a single operation. The advantage of parylene coatings is that they cover hidden surfaces and other areas where spray and needle application are not possible. Coating thickness is very uniform, even on irregular surfaces. The three main disadvantages are that (i) any desired contact points such as battery
Battery (electricity)
An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power...
contacts or connectors must be carefully covered with an air-tight mask to prevent the parylene from coating the contacts, (ii) it is a batch process and does not lend itself to high volume processing, and (iii) the cost per PCB can be highly prohibitive due to the capital investment costs and the cost per batch.
There are many chemistries of conformal coatings out on the market today. While the "Material Considerations" section below is very important to finding the correct conformal coating, it is also important to find a coating chemistry which meets your application needs. Below are five common strengths for each conformal coating chemistry. Click here for a full list of pros and cons on the different conformal coating chemistries
Acrylic
- Ease of rework
- Simple drying process
- Good moisture resistance
- High Fluorescence level
- Ease of viscosity adjustment
Epoxy
- Useful to about 150C [302F]
- Harder durometer, abrasion resistance
- CTE closer to epoxy PCB substrate
- Higher Tg (Glass transition)
- Good dielectric properties
Polyurethane
- Good dielectric properties
- Good moisture resistance
- Solvent resistance
- Less reversion potential
- Abrasion resistance
Silicones
- Stable over wide temperature range (in general, -40C to 200C)[-40F to 392F]
- Flexible, provides dampening and impact protection
- Good moisture resistance
- High dielectric strength
- Low surface energy for better wetting
Fluorinated or non Fluorinated - Poly-Para-Xylylene (Parylene)
- Excellent uniformity regardless of part geometry
- Chemical inertness
- Minimal added mass and low outgassing
- Low environmental impact process
- Low dielectric constant
Amorphous Fluoropolymer
- Low dielectric constant
- High glass transition temperature
- Low surface energy
- Low water absorption
- Solvent resistance
The basics of conformal coating processing can be understood from a presentation available giving a summary of the areas covered above.
Material considerations
Selection of the correct choice of coating material (lacquer) is one of the process engineer's most critical decisions. Criteria for selection must be based on answering many questions, which will include:- What is being protected against? (e.g., moisture, chemicals)
- What temperature range will the electrical device encounter?
- What are the physical, electrical, and chemical requirements for the coating material itself?
- Electrical, chemical, and mechanical compatibility with the parts and substances to be coated (for instance, does it need to match the coefficient of expansion of chip components?)
Answers will determine the suitability of a particular material, be it acrylic
Acrylic fiber
Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. To be called acrylic in the U.S, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer. Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate...
, polyurethane
Polyurethane
A polyurethane is any polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate links. Polyurethane polymers are formed through step-growth polymerization, by reacting a monomer with another monomer in the presence of a catalyst.Polyurethanes are...
, silicone, epoxy, etc. Process, production and commercial issues will then enter the equation:
- How easily can the material be reworked once applied?
- How fast does the material dry (cure)?
- How fast can the material be applied and dried (throughput time)?
- What type of process and equipment is necessary to achieve the required coating quality (uniformity and repeatability)?
- Price of the material per litre.
- Quality of the material supplier (two acrylic material manufacturers will not make equal quality of material).
External links
- http://www.conformalcoating.co.uk/documents/BulletinNovember.pdf Conformal Coating application techniques
- http://onlitex.en.alibaba.com/product/201745681-50372045/Comformal_coating_of_PCBA.html Conformal Coating for PCB Assembly Boards
- http://www.ausbond.com/Product.asp?bigclassname=Conformal+Coatings