Chouchi
Encyclopedia
Chouchi is a Chinese local regime of the Di
ethnicity in modern-day Gansu
Province during the Sixteen Kingdoms
and Southern and Northern Dynasties
.
province, at the upper course of the Han River
. His followers Yang Ju (楊駒) and Yang Qianwan (楊千萬) paid tribute to the emperors of the Cao-Wei Dynasty
and were rewarded with the title of Prince (wáng 王).
Yang Feilong (楊飛龍) shifted the center of the Chouchi realm back to Lüeyang
, where his successor Yang Maosou (楊茂捜) reigned as independent king at the begin of the 4th century. The Chouchi troops often plundered territories in the Central Plains
to the east and abducted people there, but on the other side the troops of Eastern Jin
and Former Zhao deprived the Chouchi empire of her inhabitants. In 322 Yang Nandi (楊難敵) suffered a defeat against Former Zhao and was degraded to Prince of Wudu
(武都王) and Duke of Chouchi (仇池公). The next years are characterized by numerous internal struggles among the Yang clan and several throne usurpations. The rulers were not seen as mere regional inspectors (cishi 刺史) or governors (taishou 太守) of their region under the government of Jin.
In 371 Fu Jiàn
, ruler of Former Qin
attacked Chouchi, captured the ruler Yang Cuan (楊篡) and ended the period of Former Chouchi.
Yang Ding (楊定), a great-grandson of Yang Maosou and grandson of Fu Jiàn, resurrected the Chouchi kingdom in 385 with the capital at Licheng (歷城). His younger brother Yang Sheng (楊盛) was able to conquer the region Liangzhou (梁州) at the upper course of the Han River, and declared himself governor for the Jin Dynasty. Efforts to occupy the territory of modern Sichuan
failed, but Chouchi controlled a great part of the modern provinces Gansu (east) and Shaanxi
(south).
After 443 the lords of Chouchi were only puppet rulers controlled by the Northern Wei
. Historians talk of the five realms of Chouchi (Chouchi wuguo 仇池五國): Former and Later Chouchi (Qianchouchi 前仇池, Houchouchi 後仇池), Yinping 陰平, Wudu 武都, and Wuxing 武興.
Di (ethnic group)
The Di were an ethnic group in China from the 8th century BCE to approximately the middle of the 6th century CE. Note that the character Di is used to differentiate this group from the Beidi , a generic term for "northern barbarians". They lived in areas of the present-day provinces of Gansu,...
ethnicity in modern-day Gansu
Gansu
' is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east...
Province during the Sixteen Kingdoms
Sixteen Kingdoms
The Sixteen Kingdoms, or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas from 304 to 439 AD after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties...
and Southern and Northern Dynasties
Southern and Northern Dynasties
The Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589 AD. Though an age of civil war and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spreading of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism...
.
History
At the beginning of the 3rd century CE Yang Teng (楊騰), chieftain of the White Neck Di (白項氐), had occupied the southeast area of modern GansuGansu
' is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east...
province, at the upper course of the Han River
Han River (Hanshui)
The Han River is a left tributary of the Yangtze River with a length of 1532 km. Historically it was referred to as Hànshuǐ and the name is still occasionally used today....
. His followers Yang Ju (楊駒) and Yang Qianwan (楊千萬) paid tribute to the emperors of the Cao-Wei Dynasty
Cao Wei
Cao Wei was one of the states that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period. With the capital at Luoyang, the state was established by Cao Pi in 220, based upon the foundations that his father Cao Cao laid...
and were rewarded with the title of Prince (wáng 王).
Yang Feilong (楊飛龍) shifted the center of the Chouchi realm back to Lüeyang
Lueyang County
Lueyang County, or Lüeyang County, is a county of Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China.-External links:*...
, where his successor Yang Maosou (楊茂捜) reigned as independent king at the begin of the 4th century. The Chouchi troops often plundered territories in the Central Plains
North China Plain
The North China Plain is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain...
to the east and abducted people there, but on the other side the troops of Eastern Jin
Jìn Dynasty (265-420)
The Jìn Dynasty , was a dynasty in Chinese history, lasting between the years 265 and 420 AD. There are two main divisions in the history of the Dynasty, the first being Western Jin and the second Eastern Jin...
and Former Zhao deprived the Chouchi empire of her inhabitants. In 322 Yang Nandi (楊難敵) suffered a defeat against Former Zhao and was degraded to Prince of Wudu
Wudu District
The Wudu District is an administrative district in Gansu, the People's Republic of China. It is one of 58 counties of Gansu. It is part of the Longnan prefecture, with the city of the same name being the prefecture seat.-References:...
(武都王) and Duke of Chouchi (仇池公). The next years are characterized by numerous internal struggles among the Yang clan and several throne usurpations. The rulers were not seen as mere regional inspectors (cishi 刺史) or governors (taishou 太守) of their region under the government of Jin.
In 371 Fu Jiàn
Fu Jiàn
Fú Jiàn , originally named Pú Jiàn , courtesy name Jianye , formally Emperor Jingming of Qin , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin....
, ruler of Former Qin
Former Qin
The Former Qin was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Founded by the Fu family of the Di ethnicity, it completed the unification of North China in 376. Its capital had been Xi'an up to the death of the ruler Fu Jiān. Despite its name, the Former Qin was much later and less powerful than...
attacked Chouchi, captured the ruler Yang Cuan (楊篡) and ended the period of Former Chouchi.
Yang Ding (楊定), a great-grandson of Yang Maosou and grandson of Fu Jiàn, resurrected the Chouchi kingdom in 385 with the capital at Licheng (歷城). His younger brother Yang Sheng (楊盛) was able to conquer the region Liangzhou (梁州) at the upper course of the Han River, and declared himself governor for the Jin Dynasty. Efforts to occupy the territory of modern Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
failed, but Chouchi controlled a great part of the modern provinces Gansu (east) and Shaanxi
Shaanxi
' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province...
(south).
After 443 the lords of Chouchi were only puppet rulers controlled by the Northern Wei
Northern Wei
The Northern Wei Dynasty , also known as the Tuoba Wei , Later Wei , or Yuan Wei , was a dynasty which ruled northern China from 386 to 534 . It has been described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change"...
. Historians talk of the five realms of Chouchi (Chouchi wuguo 仇池五國): Former and Later Chouchi (Qianchouchi 前仇池, Houchouchi 後仇池), Yinping 陰平, Wudu 武都, and Wuxing 武興.
Rulers
| Posthumous Name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life... s |
Common names in Chinese characters | Durations of reigns or in office | Era names |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| 楊騰 yang2 teng2 | late 184 - 210 | ||
| 楊駒 yang2 ju1 | 210 - 230 | ||
| 楊千萬 yang2 qian1wan4 | 230 - 263 | ||
| 楊飛龍 yang2 fei1long2 | 263 - 296 | ||
| 楊茂搜 yang2 mao4sou1 | 296 - 317 | ||
| 楊難敵 yang2 nan2di2 | 317-334 | ||
| 楊毅 yang2 yi4 | 334-337 | ||
| 楊初 yang2 chu1 | 337-355 | ||
| 楊國 yang2 guo2 | 355-356 | ||
| 楊俊 yang2 jun4 | 356-360 | ||
| 楊世 yang2 shi4 | 360-370 | ||
| 楊篡 yang2 cuan4 | 370-371 | ||
| Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473 | |||
| 武王 wu3 wang2 | 楊定 yang2 ding4 | 385-394 | |
| 惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 | 楊盛 yang2 sheng4 | 394-425 | |
| 孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 | 楊玄 yang2 xuan2 | 425-429 | |
| 楊保宗 yang2 bao3zong1 | 429 and 443 | ||
| 楊難當 yang2 nan2dang1 | 429-441 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440 | |
| 楊保熾 yang2 bao3chi4 | 442-443 | ||
| 楊文德 yang2 wen2de2 | 443-454 | ||
| 楊元和 yang2 yuan2he2 | 455-466 | ||
| 楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1si4 | 466-473 | ||
| Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555 | |||
| 楊文度 yang2 wen2du4 | 473-477 | ||
| 楊文弘 yang2 wen2hong2 | 477-482 | ||
| 楊後起 yang2 hou4qi3 | 482-486 | ||
| An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) | 楊集始 yang2 ji2shi3 | 482-503 | |
| 楊紹先 yang2 shao4xian1 | 503-506, 534-535 | ||
| 楊智慧 yang2 zhi4hui4 | 535-545 | ||
| 楊辟邪 yang2 bi4xie2 | 545-553 | ||
| Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century | |||
| 楊廣香 yang2 guang3xiang1 | 477-483? | ||
| 楊炯 yang2 jiong3 | 483-495 | ||
| 楊崇祖 yang2 chong2zu3 | 495-before 502 | ||
| 楊孟孫 yang2 meng4sun1 | before 502-511 | ||
| 楊定 yang2 ding4 | 511- ? | ||
See also
- DiDi (ethnic group)The Di were an ethnic group in China from the 8th century BCE to approximately the middle of the 6th century CE. Note that the character Di is used to differentiate this group from the Beidi , a generic term for "northern barbarians". They lived in areas of the present-day provinces of Gansu,...
- Wu HuWu HuWu Hu was a Chinese term for the northern non-Chinese nomadic tribes which caused the Wu Hu uprising, and established the Sixteen Kingdoms from 304 to 439 AD.-Definition:...
- List of past Chinese ethnic groups