Child Citizenship Act of 2000
Encyclopedia
The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 is a United States federal law that allows certain foreign-born, biological and adopted children of United States citizens
to acquire United States citizenship automatically. These children did not acquire U.S. citizenship at birth, but they are granted citizenship when they enter the United States as lawful permanent residents. The law modified past rules for child citizenship.
Whether a child's adoption is "full and final" for purposes of the Act depends on the circumstances of the adoption. Children adopted outside the U.S. can enter the U.S. on one of five different types of visas.
Two visa types are issued to children adopted from countries that are parties to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
. The U.S. entered into the Hague Convention on April 1, 2008, at which time the Hague process became mandatory for all international adoptions of children residing countries that are parties to that convention.
Two other visa types were used for the vast majority of international adoptions before the U.S. entry into the Hague Convention, and remain in use for adoptions of orphans (which includes children abandoned by their parents) from non-Hague countries:
A fifth visa, IR-2, is used for adoptions that are both non-orphan and from non-Hague countries.
Examples of countries where adoptions are final under national law before the child enters the U.S. are China
, which has entered into the Hague Convention, and Russia
, which is a Hague signatory but has not yet ratified the Convention. As a result, children adopted from China typically enter on IH-3 visas and those from Russia on IR-3 visas. Other countries, among them Thailand
, India
, and South Korea
, do not issue adoption decrees to non-nationals; children from those countries generally receive IH-4 visas (Thailand and India) or IR-4 visas (South Korea).
Note that in the case of a non-Hague adoption, if both adoptive parents (assuming they are married) do not travel to the child's home country and physically meet with the child—for example, if one spouse only picks up the child, using a power of attorney
granted by the other spouse—the child will be issued an IR-4.
Children who enter the U.S. on IH-3 or IR-3 visas automatically receive citizenship once admitted to the U.S. as immigrants. Those who enter on IH-4 or IR-4 visas do not receive citizenship until their adoption is finalized in their parents' home jurisdiction.
The effective date of the Child Citizenship Act is February 27, 2001. Children who meet the requirements of the Act on that date automatically became U.S. citizens. Children who were 18 years of age or older on that date did not acquire U.S. citizenship from the Child Citizenship Act of 2000.
The Act is known as Public Law
106-395, and is codified at 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1431-33.
There is a special provision for children not residing in the United States when the law takes effect; the US State Department states: "Children who acquire citizenship under this new provision do not acquire citizenship automatically. They must apply to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services in the Department of Homeland Security (USCIS) and go through the naturalization process."
Citizenship in the United States
Citizenship in the United States is a status given to individuals that entails specific rights, duties, privileges, and benefits between the United States and the individual...
to acquire United States citizenship automatically. These children did not acquire U.S. citizenship at birth, but they are granted citizenship when they enter the United States as lawful permanent residents. The law modified past rules for child citizenship.
To whom this act applies
The child must have at least one U.S. citizen parent by birth or naturalization, be under 18 years of age (have been born on or after February 27, 1983), live in the legal and physical custody of the U.S. citizen parent, and be admitted as an immigrant for lawful permanent residence. In addition, if the child is adopted, the adoption must be full and final.Whether a child's adoption is "full and final" for purposes of the Act depends on the circumstances of the adoption. Children adopted outside the U.S. can enter the U.S. on one of five different types of visas.
Two visa types are issued to children adopted from countries that are parties to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption is an international convention dealing with international adoption, child laundering, and child trafficking...
. The U.S. entered into the Hague Convention on April 1, 2008, at which time the Hague process became mandatory for all international adoptions of children residing countries that are parties to that convention.
- IH-3 — Children whose adoptions were "full and final" in the child's home country.
- IH-4 — Children whose adoptions will be finalized in the home jurisdiction of the adoptive parent(s).
Two other visa types were used for the vast majority of international adoptions before the U.S. entry into the Hague Convention, and remain in use for adoptions of orphans (which includes children abandoned by their parents) from non-Hague countries:
- IR-3 — Children whose adoptions were finalized in the child's home country.
- U.S. regulations for the IR-3 visa also require that both of the child's adoptive parents (or the unmarried adoptive parent, in those countries that allow single-parent adoptions) personally meet with the child in his or her country of residence during the adoption process.
- IR-4 — Children whose adoptions will be finalized in the home jurisdiction of the adoptive parent(s).
A fifth visa, IR-2, is used for adoptions that are both non-orphan and from non-Hague countries.
Examples of countries where adoptions are final under national law before the child enters the U.S. are China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
, which has entered into the Hague Convention, and Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, which is a Hague signatory but has not yet ratified the Convention. As a result, children adopted from China typically enter on IH-3 visas and those from Russia on IR-3 visas. Other countries, among them Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
, India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, and South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
, do not issue adoption decrees to non-nationals; children from those countries generally receive IH-4 visas (Thailand and India) or IR-4 visas (South Korea).
Note that in the case of a non-Hague adoption, if both adoptive parents (assuming they are married) do not travel to the child's home country and physically meet with the child—for example, if one spouse only picks up the child, using a power of attorney
Power of attorney
A power of attorney or letter of attorney is a written authorization to represent or act on another's behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter...
granted by the other spouse—the child will be issued an IR-4.
Children who enter the U.S. on IH-3 or IR-3 visas automatically receive citizenship once admitted to the U.S. as immigrants. Those who enter on IH-4 or IR-4 visas do not receive citizenship until their adoption is finalized in their parents' home jurisdiction.
The effective date of the Child Citizenship Act is February 27, 2001. Children who meet the requirements of the Act on that date automatically became U.S. citizens. Children who were 18 years of age or older on that date did not acquire U.S. citizenship from the Child Citizenship Act of 2000.
The Act is known as Public Law
Public law
Public law is a theory of law governing the relationship between individuals and the state. Under this theory, constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law are sub-divisions of public law...
106-395, and is codified at 8 U.S.C.
United States Code
The Code of Laws of the United States of America is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal laws of the United States...
§§ 1431-33.
There is a special provision for children not residing in the United States when the law takes effect; the US State Department states: "Children who acquire citizenship under this new provision do not acquire citizenship automatically. They must apply to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services in the Department of Homeland Security (USCIS) and go through the naturalization process."