California Master Plan for Higher Education
Encyclopedia
The California Master Plan for Higher Education of 1960 was developed by a survey team appointed by the UC Regents and the State Board of Education during the administration of Governor
Pat Brown
. Clark Kerr
, then the President of UC, was a key figure in its development. The Plan set up a coherent system for postsecondary education which defined specific roles for the already-existing University of California
(UC), the California State College
(CSC) system of senior colleges, now California State University (CSU), and the California Community Colleges system
(CCC). It was signed into law
by Governor Brown on April 27, 1960. The Plan was originally enacted as the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, to honor the memory of Assemblywoman Dorothy Donahoe of Bakersfield. Donahoe had authored the resolution which later resulted in the study that created the Master Plan, and was one of its chief proponents. Assemblywoman Donahoe died on April 4, 1960, and did not live to see it enacted.
ers (people born after 1945) coming of age. They needed a plan to be able to maintain educational quality in the face of growing demand. The underlying principles that they sought were:
Clark Kerr stated that his goal was to balance the competing demands of fostering excellence and guaranteeing educational access for all.
The Plan laid out that the top 12.5% (1/8th) of graduating high school seniors would be guaranteed a place at one of the University of California campuses (Berkeley, Los Angeles, etc.); the top third would be able to enter the California State University (San Francisco State, Cal State L.A., etc.); and that the community colleges (Bakersfield College,College of the Canyons, etc.) would accept all applications. Previously the UC's admissions standards allowed the top 15% of the state to enroll, and the CSU would accept the top half. These percentages are now enforced by sliding scales equating grade point average and scores on the SAT Reasoning Test or ACT
, which are recalculated every year. No actual rank of the students in high school are used as many schools do not rank students.
Graduates of the community colleges would then be guaranteed transfer to the Cal State or UC systems in order to complete Bachelor's degrees. This practice was carried over from previous years before the Plan was enacted, with graduates from the CCC being accepted as third-year students at the Universities by virtue of their prior coursework. Finally, The Plan established that the University of California would be the sole part of the system charged with performing academic research, and would award Master's and Doctoral degrees. The Cal State system, in addition to awarding Master's Degrees, would be able to award joint doctorates with the UC.
The Regents of the UC and CSU approved the Plan in 1959, and the California Legislature adopted it in 1960 in a special session. Periodic reviews by the Legislature occur to the present day, occasionally adopting modifications.
.
The Plan was the basis for a substantial surge in development in California higher education. Today, many credit the California universities for the place the state holds in the world economy, as well as bolstering its own economic makeup with great investment in high technology areas, such as Silicon Valley
, biotechnology
, and pharmaceuticals.
In 2005, the demand for high school and community college administrators brought about a widely debated exception to the existing differentiation of function between the CSU and UC systems. The awarding of doctoral degrees had originally been exclusive to the UC system, with the provision that the California State Universities could offer PhD degrees as "joint" degrees in combination with the University of California or an accredited private university. Under the provisions of SB 724, signed into law September 22, 2005, the campuses of the California State University were then able to directly offer a Doctor of Education
degree (Ed.D) "focused on preparing administrative leaders". It was argued that this fulfilled the original purpose of many of the CSUs, which were set up as normal schools to train teachers.
Governor of California
The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government, whose responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced...
Pat Brown
Pat Brown
Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown, Sr. was the 32nd Governor of California, serving from 1959 to 1967, and the father of current Governor of California Jerry Brown.-Background:...
. Clark Kerr
Clark Kerr
Clark Kerr was an American professor of economics and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley and twelfth president of the University of California.- Early years :...
, then the President of UC, was a key figure in its development. The Plan set up a coherent system for postsecondary education which defined specific roles for the already-existing University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
(UC), the California State College
California State University
The California State University is a public university system in the state of California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. It is incorporated as The Trustees of the...
(CSC) system of senior colleges, now California State University (CSU), and the California Community Colleges system
California Community Colleges system
The California Community Colleges System consists of 112 community colleges in 72 community college districts in the U.S. state of California...
(CCC). It was signed into law
California law
California law consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, and regulatory law, as well as case law.-Constitutional law:...
by Governor Brown on April 27, 1960. The Plan was originally enacted as the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, to honor the memory of Assemblywoman Dorothy Donahoe of Bakersfield. Donahoe had authored the resolution which later resulted in the study that created the Master Plan, and was one of its chief proponents. Assemblywoman Donahoe died on April 4, 1960, and did not live to see it enacted.
History
In the 1950s, the state's legislators and academic administrators foresaw an approaching surge in University enrollment, due to the baby boomBaby boom
A baby boom is any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate. This demographic phenomenon is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds and when the number of annual births exceeds 2 per 100 women...
ers (people born after 1945) coming of age. They needed a plan to be able to maintain educational quality in the face of growing demand. The underlying principles that they sought were:
- that some form of higher education ought to be available to all regardless of their economic means, and that academic progress should be limited only by individual proficiency; and
- differentiation of function so that each of the three systems would strive for excellence in different areas, so as to not waste public resources on duplicate efforts.
Clark Kerr stated that his goal was to balance the competing demands of fostering excellence and guaranteeing educational access for all.
The Plan laid out that the top 12.5% (1/8th) of graduating high school seniors would be guaranteed a place at one of the University of California campuses (Berkeley, Los Angeles, etc.); the top third would be able to enter the California State University (San Francisco State, Cal State L.A., etc.); and that the community colleges (Bakersfield College,College of the Canyons, etc.) would accept all applications. Previously the UC's admissions standards allowed the top 15% of the state to enroll, and the CSU would accept the top half. These percentages are now enforced by sliding scales equating grade point average and scores on the SAT Reasoning Test or ACT
ACT (examination)
The ACT is a standardized test for high school achievement and college admissions in the United States produced by ACT, Inc. It was first administered in November 1959 by Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the College Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test, now the SAT Reasoning Test...
, which are recalculated every year. No actual rank of the students in high school are used as many schools do not rank students.
Graduates of the community colleges would then be guaranteed transfer to the Cal State or UC systems in order to complete Bachelor's degrees. This practice was carried over from previous years before the Plan was enacted, with graduates from the CCC being accepted as third-year students at the Universities by virtue of their prior coursework. Finally, The Plan established that the University of California would be the sole part of the system charged with performing academic research, and would award Master's and Doctoral degrees. The Cal State system, in addition to awarding Master's Degrees, would be able to award joint doctorates with the UC.
The Regents of the UC and CSU approved the Plan in 1959, and the California Legislature adopted it in 1960 in a special session. Periodic reviews by the Legislature occur to the present day, occasionally adopting modifications.
Effects
The Master Plan was to increase overall efficiency in the higher education system, as well as produce greater number of graduates at a lower per-student cost by removing redundancies. This was accomplished by clearly specifying the missions of each system segment, in addition to clarifying what "territory" belonged to each institution. It established a "rational" planning process for the growth of the university systems, setting aside a past practice in which the Legislature would introduce bills establishing new four-year universities in a member's home district, a kind of political porkPork barrel
Pork barrel is a derogatory term referring to appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district...
.
The Plan was the basis for a substantial surge in development in California higher education. Today, many credit the California universities for the place the state holds in the world economy, as well as bolstering its own economic makeup with great investment in high technology areas, such as Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley is a term which refers to the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology corporations...
, biotechnology
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose...
, and pharmaceuticals.
Recent changes
The 1987 revision specifically recognized the contributions of the independent sector and made explicit provision to include the independent sector in the planning functions of the state's higher education system. It also established a policy to set the maximum award for Cal Grants in state law.In 2005, the demand for high school and community college administrators brought about a widely debated exception to the existing differentiation of function between the CSU and UC systems. The awarding of doctoral degrees had originally been exclusive to the UC system, with the provision that the California State Universities could offer PhD degrees as "joint" degrees in combination with the University of California or an accredited private university. Under the provisions of SB 724, signed into law September 22, 2005, the campuses of the California State University were then able to directly offer a Doctor of Education
Doctor of Education
The Doctor of Education or Doctor in Education degree , in Latin, Doctor Educationis, is a research-oriented professional doctorate that prepares the student for academic, administrative, clinical, or research positions in educational, civil, and private organizations.-Differences between an Ed.D...
degree (Ed.D) "focused on preparing administrative leaders". It was argued that this fulfilled the original purpose of many of the CSUs, which were set up as normal schools to train teachers.
See also
- California Postsecondary Education CommissionCalifornia postsecondary education commissionThe California Postsecondary Education Commission was the higher education planning and coordinating agency of the government of the U.S. state of California...
- California State UniversityCalifornia State UniversityThe California State University is a public university system in the state of California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. It is incorporated as The Trustees of the...
- University of CaliforniaUniversity of CaliforniaThe University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
- California Community Colleges systemCalifornia Community Colleges systemThe California Community Colleges System consists of 112 community colleges in 72 community college districts in the U.S. state of California...
- List of colleges and universities in California
- Rarick, Ethan (2005) The Life and Times of Pat Brown — California Rising (Ch. 7) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
External links
- "The History of the California Master Plan for Higher Education," Center for Studies in Higher Education at UC Berkeley with links to relevant documents and legislation
- University of California Master Plan website with copies of many relevant documents
- The Future of Flagship Universities, by Robert Berdahl, former Chancellor, UC Berkeley
- Clark Kerr's legacy: 1960 Master Plan transformed higher education, UC Berkeley public relations office
- Sections 66010.4 et seq. of the California Education Code (codified mission statements, a portion of the Donahoe Act provisions of the Master Plan for Higher Education)
- http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3p3002rb/ The CSU Public Affairs Photo Collection on the Online Archive of California—encompasses photographic material from the late 19th century to the early 1990s and collection finding aid provides history of CSU within Master Plan.