Business rule
Encyclopedia
A Business rule is a statement that defines or constrains some aspect of the business
and always resolves to either true or false. Business rules are intended to assert business structure or to control or influence the behavior of the business. Business rules describe the operations, definitions and constraints that apply to an organization. Business rules can apply to people, processes, corporate behavior and computing systems in an organization, and are put in place to help the organization achieve its goals.
For example a business rule might state that no credit check is to be performed on return customers. Other examples of business rules include requiring a rental agent to disallow a rental tenant if their credit rating is too low, or requiring company agents to use a list of preferred suppliers and supply schedules.
While a business rule may be informal or even unwritten, writing the rules down clearly and making sure that they don't conflict is a valuable activity. When carefully managed, rules can be used to help the organization to better achieve goals, remove obstacles to market growth, reduce costly mistakes, improve communication, comply with legal requirements, and increase customer loyalty.
Business rules exist for an organization whether or not they are ever written down, talked about or even part of the organization’s consciousness. However it is a fairly common practice for organizations to gather business rules. This may happen in one of two ways.
Organizations may choose to proactively describe their business practices, producing a database of rules. While this activity may be beneficial, it may be expensive and time consuming. For example, they might hire a consultant to come through the organization to document and consolidate the various standards and methods currently in practice.
More commonly, business rules are discovered and documented informally during the initial stages of a project. In this case the collecting of the business rules is coincidental. In addition, business projects, such as the launching of a new product or the re-engineering of a complex process, might lead to the definition of new business rules. This practice of coincidental business rule gathering is vulnerable to the creation of inconsistent or even conflicting business rules within different organizational units, or within the same organizational unit over time. This inconsistency creates problems that can be difficult to find and fix.
Allowing business rules to be documented during the course of business projects is less expensive and easier to accomplish than the first approach, but if the rules are not collected in a consistent manner, they are not valuable. In order to teach business people about the best ways to gather and document business rules, experts in business analysis have created the Business Rules Methodology
. This methodology defines a process of capturing business rules in natural language, in a verifiable and understandable way. This process is not difficult to learn, can be performed in real-time, and empowers business stakeholders to manage their own business rules in a consistent manner.
Gathering business rules is also called rules harvesting or business rule mining
. The business analyst
or consultant can extract the rules from IT documentation (like use cases, specifications or system code). They may also organize workshops and interviews with subject matter experts (commonly abbreviated as SMEs). Software technologies designed to capture business rules through analysis of legacy source code or of actual user behavior can accelerate the rule gathering processing.
The most basic element of a business rule is the language used to express it. The very definition of a term is itself a business rule that describes how people think and talk about things. Thus, defining a term is establishing a category of business rule. Terms have traditionally been documented in a Glossary
or as entities in a conceptual model
.
The nature or operating structure of an organization can be described in terms of the facts that relate terms to each other. To say that a customer can place an order is a business rule. Facts can be documented as natural language sentences or as relationships, attributes, and generalization structures in a graphical model.
Every enterprise constrains behavior in some way, and this is closely related to constraints on what data may or may not be updated. To prevent a record from being made is, in many cases, to prevent an action from taking place.
Business rules (including laws of nature) define how knowledge
in one form may be transformed into other knowledge, possibly in a different form.
This lack of consistent approach is mostly due to the cost and effort required to maintain the list of rules. The cost of maintaining the list increases in situations where the rules are rapidly changing, such as in a start-up company. Another common obstacle to the adoption of formal business rule management is resistance from employees who understand that their knowledge of business rules is key to their employment.
Because technologies require and enforce consistency in their use, technology is often used to address these issues. As a result, there has been substantial investment in tools to perform business rules management and rules execution. Software tools such as Wolf Frameworks
are an example of this trend.
Note that many tools make a distinction between Business Rules Engines and Business Rules Management, and require a translation between the two. Commercially available tools now also offer the possibility to combine both management and execution of rules. Combined with an easy to use interface and a proper notation which can be maintained by business users, customers of these tools hope to reduce or eliminate the obstacles mentioned above.
While newer software tools are able to combine business rule management and execution, it is important to realize that these two ideas are distinct, and each provides value that is different from the other. Software packages automate business rules using business logic
. The term business rule is sometimes used interchangeably with business logic; however the latter connotes an engineering practice and the former an intrinsic business practice. There is value in outlining an organization's business rules regardless of whether this information is used to automate its operations.
One of the pitfalls in trying to fill the gap between rules management and execution is trying to give business rules the syntax of logic, and merely describing logical constructs in a natural language. Translation for engines is easier, but business users will no longer be able to write down the rules.
, Z notation
, Business Process Execution Language
, Business Process Modeling Notation
, or the Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
(SBVR).
Business
A business is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both to consumers. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be not-for-profit...
and always resolves to either true or false. Business rules are intended to assert business structure or to control or influence the behavior of the business. Business rules describe the operations, definitions and constraints that apply to an organization. Business rules can apply to people, processes, corporate behavior and computing systems in an organization, and are put in place to help the organization achieve its goals.
For example a business rule might state that no credit check is to be performed on return customers. Other examples of business rules include requiring a rental agent to disallow a rental tenant if their credit rating is too low, or requiring company agents to use a list of preferred suppliers and supply schedules.
While a business rule may be informal or even unwritten, writing the rules down clearly and making sure that they don't conflict is a valuable activity. When carefully managed, rules can be used to help the organization to better achieve goals, remove obstacles to market growth, reduce costly mistakes, improve communication, comply with legal requirements, and increase customer loyalty.
Introduction
Business rules tell an organization what it can do in detail, while strategy tells it how to focus the business at a macro level to optimize results. Put differently, a strategy provides high-level direction about what an organization should do. Business rules provide detailed guidance about how a strategy can be translated to action.Business rules exist for an organization whether or not they are ever written down, talked about or even part of the organization’s consciousness. However it is a fairly common practice for organizations to gather business rules. This may happen in one of two ways.
Organizations may choose to proactively describe their business practices, producing a database of rules. While this activity may be beneficial, it may be expensive and time consuming. For example, they might hire a consultant to come through the organization to document and consolidate the various standards and methods currently in practice.
More commonly, business rules are discovered and documented informally during the initial stages of a project. In this case the collecting of the business rules is coincidental. In addition, business projects, such as the launching of a new product or the re-engineering of a complex process, might lead to the definition of new business rules. This practice of coincidental business rule gathering is vulnerable to the creation of inconsistent or even conflicting business rules within different organizational units, or within the same organizational unit over time. This inconsistency creates problems that can be difficult to find and fix.
Allowing business rules to be documented during the course of business projects is less expensive and easier to accomplish than the first approach, but if the rules are not collected in a consistent manner, they are not valuable. In order to teach business people about the best ways to gather and document business rules, experts in business analysis have created the Business Rules Methodology
Business rules approach
Business rules are abstractions of the policies and practices of a business organization. The Business Rules Approach is a development methodology where rules are in a form that is used by, but does not have to be embedded in, business process management systems.The Business Rules Approach...
. This methodology defines a process of capturing business rules in natural language, in a verifiable and understandable way. This process is not difficult to learn, can be performed in real-time, and empowers business stakeholders to manage their own business rules in a consistent manner.
Gathering business rules is also called rules harvesting or business rule mining
Business rule mining
Business rule mining is the process of extracting essential intellectual business logic in the form of Business Rules from packaged or Legacy software applications, recasting them in natural or formal language, and storing them in a source rule repository for further analysis or forward engineering...
. The business analyst
Business analyst
A Business Analyst analyzes the organization and design of businesses, government departments, and non-profit organizations; BAs also assess business models and their integration with technology.-Levels:...
or consultant can extract the rules from IT documentation (like use cases, specifications or system code). They may also organize workshops and interviews with subject matter experts (commonly abbreviated as SMEs). Software technologies designed to capture business rules through analysis of legacy source code or of actual user behavior can accelerate the rule gathering processing.
Categories of business rules
According to the white paper by the Business Rules Group, a statement of a business rule falls into one of four categories:- Definitions of business terms
The most basic element of a business rule is the language used to express it. The very definition of a term is itself a business rule that describes how people think and talk about things. Thus, defining a term is establishing a category of business rule. Terms have traditionally been documented in a Glossary
Glossary
A glossary, also known as an idioticon, vocabulary, or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms...
or as entities in a conceptual model
Conceptual schema
A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concepts and their relationships. This describes the semantics of an organization and represents a series of assertions about its nature...
.
- Facts relating terms to each other
The nature or operating structure of an organization can be described in terms of the facts that relate terms to each other. To say that a customer can place an order is a business rule. Facts can be documented as natural language sentences or as relationships, attributes, and generalization structures in a graphical model.
- Constraints (also called "action assertions")
Every enterprise constrains behavior in some way, and this is closely related to constraints on what data may or may not be updated. To prevent a record from being made is, in many cases, to prevent an action from taking place.
- Derivations
Business rules (including laws of nature) define how knowledge
Knowledge
Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something unknown, which can include information, facts, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject...
in one form may be transformed into other knowledge, possibly in a different form.
Real world applications and obstacles
Business rules are gathered in these situations:- When dictated by law
- During the business analysisBusiness AnalysisBusiness analysis is the discipline of identifying business needs and determining solutions to business problems. Solutions often include a systems development component, but may also consist of process improvement, organizational change or strategic planning and policy development...
- As an ephemeralEphemeralEphemeral things are transitory, existing only briefly. Typically the term is used to describe objects found in nature, although it can describe a wide range of things....
aidAidIn international relations, aid is a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another, given at least partly with the objective of benefiting the recipient country....
to engineers.
This lack of consistent approach is mostly due to the cost and effort required to maintain the list of rules. The cost of maintaining the list increases in situations where the rules are rapidly changing, such as in a start-up company. Another common obstacle to the adoption of formal business rule management is resistance from employees who understand that their knowledge of business rules is key to their employment.
Because technologies require and enforce consistency in their use, technology is often used to address these issues. As a result, there has been substantial investment in tools to perform business rules management and rules execution. Software tools such as Wolf Frameworks
Wolf Frameworks
Wolf Frameworks is a web application designing & development Platform as a Service based in India and United States and represented via partners worldwide....
are an example of this trend.
Note that many tools make a distinction between Business Rules Engines and Business Rules Management, and require a translation between the two. Commercially available tools now also offer the possibility to combine both management and execution of rules. Combined with an easy to use interface and a proper notation which can be maintained by business users, customers of these tools hope to reduce or eliminate the obstacles mentioned above.
While newer software tools are able to combine business rule management and execution, it is important to realize that these two ideas are distinct, and each provides value that is different from the other. Software packages automate business rules using business logic
Business logic
Business logic, or domain logic, is a non-technical term generally used to describe the functional algorithms that handle information exchange between a database and a user interface.- Scope of business logic :Business logic:...
. The term business rule is sometimes used interchangeably with business logic; however the latter connotes an engineering practice and the former an intrinsic business practice. There is value in outlining an organization's business rules regardless of whether this information is used to automate its operations.
One of the pitfalls in trying to fill the gap between rules management and execution is trying to give business rules the syntax of logic, and merely describing logical constructs in a natural language. Translation for engines is easier, but business users will no longer be able to write down the rules.
Formal specification
Business rules can be expressed in formal languages such as Unified Modeling LanguageUnified Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was created, by the Object Management Group...
, Z notation
Z notation
The Z notation , named after Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general.-History:...
, Business Process Execution Language
Business Process Execution Language
Business Process Execution Language , short for Web Services Business Process Execution Language is an OASIS standard executable language for specifying actions within business processes with web services...
, Business Process Modeling Notation
Business Process Modeling Notation
Business Process Model and Notation is a graphical representation for specifying business processes in a business process model. It was previously known as Business Process Modeling Notation....
, or the Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
The Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules is an adopted standard of the Object Management Group intended to be the basis for formal and detailed natural language declarative description of a complex entity, such as a business...
(SBVR).