Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
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Robert Brown
's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830. Aspects of Brown's arrangements can be recognised in the later arrangements of George Bentham
and Alex George
.
shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia
. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown
. In 2007 they were transferred into the genus Banksia
as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now nearly 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.
in 1809, and published the following year in Volume X of Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Brown listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification of them. Later that year, he republished his descriptions of Dryandra in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
.
Brown's 1810 arrangement was as follows:
. He added a further 11 species to Dryandra, but transferred D. falcata into a new, monospecific genus as Hemiclidia Baxteri, on the grounds that its follicles always contained only a single seed. The remaining 23 Dryandra species were divided into three sections based on the number of seed separators in each follicle
. He allowed for these groups to be given subgenus rather than sectional rank, but they are now treated as having been published as sections.
The first section was defined as containing those species with a single seed separator. This accounted for the majority of species, and was named Dryandra verae ("True Dryandra"). D. sect. Diplophragma, was a monotypic section containing D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida
), the follicles of which Brown thought contained two separators. Finally, D. sect. Aphragmia was defined as containing four species that Brown thought lacked a seed separator altogether.
Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
published his arrangement
. In the interim a number of new species were published, notably in John Lindley
's 1839 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony
, and by Meissner in J. G. C. Lehmann
's 1845 Plantae Preissianae. However, the only significant change to Brown's classification was Stephan Endlicher's 1847 publication of Eudryandra as a replacement name for Brown's Dryandra verae.
Meissner's 1856 arrangement maintained Brown's distinction between Dryandra and Hemiclidia, and his three Dryandra sections, but further divided Eudryandra into eight series. George Bentham
abandoned Hemiclidia in his 1870 arrangement
, placing D. falcata within D. ser. Armatae
because He also discarded D. sect. Diplophragma, placing B. bipinnatifida in section Aphragma, on the grounds that Thus of Brown's names, only Aphragma was still accepted.
In 1996, Alex George
published a new arrangement
. He revived the names Hemiclidia and Diplophragma, but with somewhat different circumscriptions. Both were given subgeneric rank, and Eudryandra was replaced by the autonym
ic subgenus D. subg. Dryandra
. Aphragma was retained, but demoted to series rank within subgenus Dryandra. This arrangement was current until early 2007, when Austin Mast
and Kevin Thiele
transferred the entire Dryandra genus into Banksia
on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic
with respect to Dryandra. As Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to propose an infrageneric classification for their new circumscription of Banksia, they transferred Dryandra into Banksia at series rank, so as to cause minimal disruption to the current arrangement of Banksia. Thus the rich infrageneric classification of Dryandra, including all of Brown's taxa, has been set aside, at least temporarily.
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...
's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830. Aspects of Brown's arrangements can be recognised in the later arrangements of George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
and Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
.
Background
The dryandras are a group of proteaceousProteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...
shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...
. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...
. In 2007 they were transferred into the genus Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now nearly 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.
Brown's 1810 arrangement
The genus Dryandra was first published by Brown in "On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae", which was read to the Linnean Society of LondonLinnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is the world's premier society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a zoological journal, as well as botanical and biological journals...
in 1809, and published the following year in Volume X of Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Brown listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification of them. Later that year, he republished his descriptions of Dryandra in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen
Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen is an 1810 flora of Australia by botanist Robert Brown. Often referred to as Prodromus Flora Novae Hollandiae, or by its standard botanical abbreviation Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland., it was the first attempt at a survey of the Australian flora...
.
Brown's 1810 arrangement was as follows:
- Genus Dryandra (now B. ser. Dryandra)
- D. floribunda (now B. sessilis)
- D. cuneata (now B. obovataBanksia obovataBanksia obovata, commonly known as Wedge-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra cuneata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. armata (now B. armataBanksia armataBanksia armata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:B. armata grows as a spreading or upright shrub, up to three metres in height. It has deeply serrated leaves. Its inflorescences are usually bright yellow, but may be pink.-Distribution and...
) - D. falcata (now B. falcataBanksia falcataBanksia falcata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra falcata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. formosa (now B. formosaBanksia formosaBanksia formosa, commonly known as Showy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra formosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. mucronulata (now B. mucronulataBanksia mucronulataBanksia mucronulata, commonly known as Swordfish Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra mucronulata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. plumosa (now B. plumosaBanksia plumosaBanksia plumosa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra plumosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. obtusa (now B. obtusaBanksia obtusaBanksia obtusa, commonly known as Shining Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra obtusa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. nivea (now B. niveaBanksia niveaBanksia nivea, commonly known as Honeypot Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. First described as Banksia nivea, it was transferred to Dryandra as Dryandra nivea by Robert Brown in 1810, and remained in that genus until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by...
) - D. longifolia (now B. prolataBanksia prolataBanksia prolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra longifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuisBanksia tenuisBanksia tenuis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra tenuifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifoliaBanksia pteridifoliaBanksia pteridifolia, commonly known as Tangled Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra pteridifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifoliaBanksia pellaeifoliaBanksia pellaeifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra blechnifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)
Brown's 1830 arrangement
Twenty years later, Brown issued a supplement to his Prodromus, entitled Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae HollandiaeSupplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae
Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae is an 1830 supplement to Robert Brown's Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. It may be referred to by its standard botanical abbreviation Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Nov...
. He added a further 11 species to Dryandra, but transferred D. falcata into a new, monospecific genus as Hemiclidia Baxteri, on the grounds that its follicles always contained only a single seed. The remaining 23 Dryandra species were divided into three sections based on the number of seed separators in each follicle
Follicle (fruit)
In botany, a follicle is a dry unilocular many-seeded fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing by the ventral suture in order to release seeds, such as in larkspur, magnolia, banksia, peony and milkweed....
. He allowed for these groups to be given subgenus rather than sectional rank, but they are now treated as having been published as sections.
The first section was defined as containing those species with a single seed separator. This accounted for the majority of species, and was named Dryandra verae ("True Dryandra"). D. sect. Diplophragma, was a monotypic section containing D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida
Banksia bipinnatifida
Banksia bipinnatifida is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:It grows as a prostrate shrub with an underground stem and a lignotuber. It has few leaves; these are deeply lobes, and the lobes are themselves deeply lobed, giving the impression of a bipinnate leaf structure...
), the follicles of which Brown thought contained two separators. Finally, D. sect. Aphragmia was defined as containing four species that Brown thought lacked a seed separator altogether.
Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
- Genus Dryandra
- Dryandra verae
- D. floribunda (now B. sessilis)
- D. cuneata (now B. obovataBanksia obovataBanksia obovata, commonly known as Wedge-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra cuneata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. armata (now B. armataBanksia armataBanksia armata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:B. armata grows as a spreading or upright shrub, up to three metres in height. It has deeply serrated leaves. Its inflorescences are usually bright yellow, but may be pink.-Distribution and...
) - D. Serra (now B. serraBanksia serraBanksia serra, commonly known as Serrate-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on this...
) - D. concinna (now B. concinnaBanksia concinnaBanksia concinna is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra concinna until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. foliolata (now B. foliolataBanksia foliolataBanksia foliolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra foliolata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. squarrosa (now B. squarrosaBanksia squarrosaBanksia squarrosa, commonly known as Pingle, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Taxonomy:Specimens of B. squarrosa were first collected from near King George Sound in 1829 by William Baxter, and published by Robert Brown as Dryandra squarrosa the following year...
) - D. formosa (now B. formosaBanksia formosaBanksia formosa, commonly known as Showy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra formosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. mucronulata (now B. mucronulataBanksia mucronulataBanksia mucronulata, commonly known as Swordfish Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra mucronulata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. Baxteri (now B. biteraxBanksia biteraxBanksia biterax is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra baxteri until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. plumosa (now B. plumosaBanksia plumosaBanksia plumosa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra plumosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. obtusa (now B. obtusaBanksia obtusaBanksia obtusa, commonly known as Shining Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra obtusa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidisBanksia arctotidisBanksia arctotidis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra arctotidis until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. nivea (now B. niveaBanksia niveaBanksia nivea, commonly known as Honeypot Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. First described as Banksia nivea, it was transferred to Dryandra as Dryandra nivea by Robert Brown in 1810, and remained in that genus until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by...
) - D. Fraseri (now B. fraseriBanksia fraseriBanksia fraseri is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra fraseri until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...
) - D. longifolia (now B. prolataBanksia prolataBanksia prolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra longifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. seneciifolia (now B. seneciifoliaBanksia seneciifoliaBanksia seneciifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuisBanksia tenuisBanksia tenuis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra tenuifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)
- Section Diplophragma
- D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifidaBanksia bipinnatifidaBanksia bipinnatifida is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:It grows as a prostrate shrub with an underground stem and a lignotuber. It has few leaves; these are deeply lobes, and the lobes are themselves deeply lobed, giving the impression of a bipinnate leaf structure...
)
- D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida
- Section Aphragma
- D. nervosa (now B. alliaceaBanksia alliaceaBanksia alliacea is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra nervosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. callophylla (now B. calophyllaBanksia calophyllaBanksia calophylla is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra calophylla until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by research botanists Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifoliaBanksia pteridifoliaBanksia pteridifolia, commonly known as Tangled Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra pteridifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifoliaBanksia pellaeifoliaBanksia pellaeifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra blechnifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)
- D. nervosa (now B. alliacea
- Dryandra verae
- Genus Hemiclidia
-
- H. Baxteri (now B. falcataBanksia falcataBanksia falcata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra falcata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
)
- H. Baxteri (now B. falcata
-
Legacy
Brown's arrangement remained current until 1856, when Carl MeissnerCarl Meissner
Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner was a Swiss botanist.Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 year career he was Professor of Botany at University of Basel...
published his arrangement
Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Carl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis...
. In the interim a number of new species were published, notably in John Lindley
John Lindley
John Lindley FRS was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.-Early years:Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden...
's 1839 A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony
A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony
A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony, also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Sketch Veg. Swan R., is an 1839 article by John Lindley on the flora of the Swan River Colony...
, and by Meissner in J. G. C. Lehmann
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann was a German botanist.Born at Haselau, near Uetersen, Holstein, Lehmann studied medicine in Copenhagen and Göttingen, obtained a doctorate in medicine in 1813 and a doctorate in philosophy from he University of Jena in 1814...
's 1845 Plantae Preissianae. However, the only significant change to Brown's classification was Stephan Endlicher's 1847 publication of Eudryandra as a replacement name for Brown's Dryandra verae.
Meissner's 1856 arrangement maintained Brown's distinction between Dryandra and Hemiclidia, and his three Dryandra sections, but further divided Eudryandra into eight series. George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
abandoned Hemiclidia in his 1870 arrangement
Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis...
, placing D. falcata within D. ser. Armatae
Dryandra ser. Armatae
Dryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.-According...
because He also discarded D. sect. Diplophragma, placing B. bipinnatifida in section Aphragma, on the grounds that Thus of Brown's names, only Aphragma was still accepted.
In 1996, Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
published a new arrangement
George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra...
. He revived the names Hemiclidia and Diplophragma, but with somewhat different circumscriptions. Both were given subgeneric rank, and Eudryandra was replaced by the autonym
Autonym (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, autonyms are automatically created names, as regulated by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature . Autonyms are cited without an author. Relevant provisions are in articles 6.8, 22.1-3 and 26.1-3....
ic subgenus D. subg. Dryandra
Dryandra subg. Dryandra
Dryandra subg. Dryandra is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank as Dryandra verae in 1830, before being renamed Eudryandra in 1847, the replaced by the autonym at subgenus rank in 1996...
. Aphragma was retained, but demoted to series rank within subgenus Dryandra. This arrangement was current until early 2007, when Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
transferred the entire Dryandra genus into Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...
with respect to Dryandra. As Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to propose an infrageneric classification for their new circumscription of Banksia, they transferred Dryandra into Banksia at series rank, so as to cause minimal disruption to the current arrangement of Banksia. Thus the rich infrageneric classification of Dryandra, including all of Brown's taxa, has been set aside, at least temporarily.
See also
- Brown's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaBrown's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaRobert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, and expanded in this 1830 supplement to that publication, Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae...
- Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaMeissner's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaCarl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1856, as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. It was the first attempt to provide an infrageneric classification for the genus, aside from Robert Brown's...
- Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of DryandraMeissner's taxonomic arrangement of DryandraCarl Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis...
- Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaBentham's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaGeorge Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis. A substantial improvement on the previous arrangement, it would stand for over a century. It was eventually replaced by Alex George's 1981 arrangement, published in his classic...
- Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of DryandraBentham's taxonomic arrangement of DryandraGeorge Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis...
- George's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaGeorge's taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaAlex George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was the first modern-day arrangement for that genus. First published in 1981 in the classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. , it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years. It was overturned in 1996 by Kevin...
- George's taxonomic arrangement of DryandraGeorge's taxonomic arrangement of DryandraAlex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra...
- Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaThiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of BanksiaKevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, published in 1996, was a novel taxonomic arrangement that was intended to align the taxonomy of Banksia more closely with the phylogeny that they had inferred from their cladistic analysis of the genus...