Benjamin scale
Encyclopedia
Harry Benjamin
's Sex Orientation Scale (S.O.S.) was an attempt to classify and understand various forms and subtypes of transvestism and transsexualism in biological males. It was a seven-point scale (with three types of transvestism, three types of transsexualism, and one category for typical males); it was analogous to the Kinsey scale
of sexual orientation
, which also had seven categories. Much like Kinsey's understanding of sexual orientation, Dr. Benjamin understood the nature of gender identity and gender expression not as a discrete scale, but as a spectrum, a continuum with many variations, much more than those featured in the scale. But the scale he developed seemed to be an easy, rational and clinically useful way to diagnose different forms of transsexualism
and to distinguish between those who needed surgical and/or hormonal treatment and those who didn't.
Kinsey's sexual orientation scale
Type One: Transvestite (Pseudo)
Benjamin noted, "It must be emphasized again that the remaining six types are not and never can be sharply separated."
Benjamin added a caveat: "It has been the intention here to point out the possibility of several conceptions and classifications of the transvestitic and the transsexual phenomenon. Future studies and observations may decide which one is likely to come closest to the truth and in this way a possible understanding of the etiology may be gained."
Benjamin's Scale references and uses Dr. Alfred Kinsey's sexual orientation scale to distinguish between "true transsexualism" and "transvestism". But the strict relationship between gender identity (Benjamin's Scale) and sexual orientation (Kinsey's Scale) was just a result of the researcher's biases, not his scientific findings.
Harry Benjamin
Harry Benjamin was a German endocrinologist, widely known for his clinical work with transsexualism. He was raised in an observant Ashkenazy Jewish home.- Early life and career :...
's Sex Orientation Scale (S.O.S.) was an attempt to classify and understand various forms and subtypes of transvestism and transsexualism in biological males. It was a seven-point scale (with three types of transvestism, three types of transsexualism, and one category for typical males); it was analogous to the Kinsey scale
Kinsey scale
The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of his or her sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual...
of sexual orientation
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation describes a pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to the opposite sex, the same sex, both, or neither, and the genders that accompany them. By the convention of organized researchers, these attractions are subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality,...
, which also had seven categories. Much like Kinsey's understanding of sexual orientation, Dr. Benjamin understood the nature of gender identity and gender expression not as a discrete scale, but as a spectrum, a continuum with many variations, much more than those featured in the scale. But the scale he developed seemed to be an easy, rational and clinically useful way to diagnose different forms of transsexualism
Transsexualism
Transsexualism is an individual's identification with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their biological sex. Simply put, it defines a person whose biological birth sex conflicts with their psychological gender...
and to distinguish between those who needed surgical and/or hormonal treatment and those who didn't.
As it appeared in "Transsexual Phenomenon"
Dr. Harry Benjamin's Gender Disorientation ScaleKinsey's sexual orientation scale
- 0 Exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual experience
- 1 Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual
- 2 Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual
- 3 Equally heterosexual and homosexual
- 4 Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual
- 5 Predominantly homosexual, but incidentally heterosexual
- 6 Exclusively homosexual, with no heterosexual experience
Type One: Transvestite (Pseudo)
-
- Gender Feeling: Masculine
- Dressing Habits and Social Life: Lives as a man. Could get occasional kick out of dressing. Normal male life.
- Sex Object Choice and Sex Life: Hetero, bi, or homosexual. Dressing and -- more --exchange may occur in masturbation fantasies mainly. May enjoy TV literature only.
- Kinsey Scale: 0-6
- Conversion Operation: Not considered in reality.
- Estrogen Medication: Not interested or indicated.
- Psychotherapy: Not wanted and unnecessary.
- Remarks: Interests in dressing is only sporadic.
- Type Two: Transvestism (Fetishistic)
-
- Gender Feeling: Masculine
- Dressing Habits and Social Life: Lives as a man. Dressing periodically or part of the time. Dresses underneath male clothes.
- Sex Object Choice and Sex Life: Heterosexual. Rarely bisexual. Masturbation with fetish. Guilt feelings. Purges and relapses.
- Kinsey Scale: 0-2
- Conversion Operation: Rejected
- Estrogen Medication: Rarely interested. Occasionally useful to reduce libido.
- Psychotherapy: May be successful (in a favorable environment.)
- Remarks: May imitate double (masculine and feminine) personality with male and female names.
- Type Three: Transvestism (True)
-
- Gender Feeling: Masculine (but with less conviction.)
- Dressing Habits and Social Life: Dresses constantly or as often as possible. May live and be accepted as woman. May dress underneath male clothes, if no other chance.
- Sex Object Choice and Sex Life: Heterosexual, except when dressed. Dressing gives sexual satisfaction with relief of gender discomfort. May purge and relapse.
- Kinsey Scale: 0-2
- Conversion Operation: Actually rejected, but idea can be attractive.
- Estrogen Medication: Attractive as an experiment. Can be helpful emotionally
- Psychotherapy: If attempted is usually not successful as to cure.
- Remarks: May assume double personality. Trend toward transsexualism.
- Type Four: Transsexual (Nonsurgical)
-
- Gender Feeling: Undecided. Wavering between TV and TS.
- Dressing Habits and Social Life: Dresses as often as possible with insufficient relief of his gender discomfort. May live as a man or woman; sometimes alternating.
- Sex Object Choice and Sex Life: Libido often low. Asexual or auto-erotic. Could be bisexual. Could also be married and have children.
- Kinsey Scale: 1-4
- Conversion Operation: Attractive but not requested or attraction not admitted.
- Estrogen Medication: Needed for comfort and emotional balance.
- Psychotherapy: Only as guidance; otherwise refused or unsuccessful.
- Remarks: Social life dependent upon circumstances.
- Type Five: True Transsexual (moderate intensity)
-
- Gender Feeling: Feminine (trapped in male body)
- Dressing Habits and Social Life: Lives and works as woman if possible. Insufficient relief from dressing.
- Sex Object Choice and Sex Life: Libido low. Asexual auto-erotic, or passive homosexual activity. May have been married and have children.
- Kinsey Scale: 4-6
- Conversion Operation: Requested and usually indicated.
- Estrogen Medication: Needed as substitute for or preliminary to operation.
- Psychotherapy: Rejected. Useless as to cure. Permissive psychological guidance.
- Remarks: Operation hoped for and worked for. Often attained.
- Type Six: True Transsexual (high intensity)
-
- Gender Feeling: Feminine. Total psycho-sexual inversion.
- Dressing Habits and Social Life: May live and work as a woman. Dressing gives insufficient relief. Gender discomfort intense.
- Sex Object Choice and Sex Life: Intensely desires relations with normal male as female if young. May have been married and have **children, by using fantasies in intercourse.
- Kinsey Scale: 6
- Conversion Operation: Urgently requested and usually attained. Indicated.
- Estrogen Medication: Required for partial relief.
- Psychotherapy: Psychological guidance or psychotherapy for symptomatic relief only.
- Remarks: Despises his male sex organs. Danger of suicide or self-mutilation, if too long frustrated.
Benjamin noted, "It must be emphasized again that the remaining six types are not and never can be sharply separated."
Benjamin added a caveat: "It has been the intention here to point out the possibility of several conceptions and classifications of the transvestitic and the transsexual phenomenon. Future studies and observations may decide which one is likely to come closest to the truth and in this way a possible understanding of the etiology may be gained."
Benjamin's Scale references and uses Dr. Alfred Kinsey's sexual orientation scale to distinguish between "true transsexualism" and "transvestism". But the strict relationship between gender identity (Benjamin's Scale) and sexual orientation (Kinsey's Scale) was just a result of the researcher's biases, not his scientific findings.
Modern views
More modern views on gender identity issues differ from original Harry Benjamin's view not only in that they exclude sexual orientation as a criterion for diagnosing and distinguishing between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender variant behavior or expression. Modern views also exclude fetishistic transvestism from this spectrum, as it is a distinct phenomenon, not related to gender identity but related to sexual arousal and fetishism.See also
- Classification of transsexualsClassification of transsexualsThe classification of transsexuals and people who experience various types of gender dysphoria has been attempted by many researchers and clinicians...
- Harry BenjaminHarry BenjaminHarry Benjamin was a German endocrinologist, widely known for his clinical work with transsexualism. He was raised in an observant Ashkenazy Jewish home.- Early life and career :...
- Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria AssociationHarry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria AssociationThe World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Inc. is a professional organization devoted to the understanding and treatment of gender dysphoria. The organization was originally named after Harry Benjamin, one of the earliest physicians to work with transsexuals...
- TranssexualismTranssexualismTranssexualism is an individual's identification with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their biological sex. Simply put, it defines a person whose biological birth sex conflicts with their psychological gender...
- TransvestismTransvestismTransvestism is the practice of cross-dressing, which is wearing clothing traditionally associated with the opposite sex. Transvestite refers to a person who cross-dresses; however, the word often has additional connotations. -History:Although the word transvestism was coined as late as the 1910s,...
- TransgenderTransgenderTransgender is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles....