Balawat
Encyclopedia
Balawat is a historical location in Ninawa Governorate
, Iraq
, 25 km (15.5 mi) southeast from the city of Mosul
and 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south of the modern Assyrian
town of Bakhdida
. It was the site of the ancient Neo-Assyrian city of Imgur-Enlil. The meaning of Imgur-Enlil is "Enlil agreed".
Note that there was also a wall in ancient Babylon
named Imgur-Enlil.
, where the city of Kalhu (see Nimrud
) was situated. Imgur-Enlil lay between the city of Nineveh
and the province of Arrapha
in the southeast along the royal Assyrian road. Ashurnasirpal II had already transferred the capital from Assur
to Kalhu, and the foundation of Imgur-Enlil may have been a further step to knit up the Neo-Assyrian empire. Construction at the site continued under Ashurnasirpal II's son Shalmaneser III
. The city existed for about two centuries but was, like all Assyrian cities, sacked and destroyed by the Medes
and Babylonians at the fall of the Assyrian empire 614-609 BC.
.
The site was again excavated by Max Mallowan
for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq
in 1956.
A surface survey was conducted by D. J. Tucker in 1989 for the British Museum.
The town walls
enclosed an area of around 64 hectares. Aside from temples and palace buildings, the most important artifacts discovered there were the so-called Balawat gates. The gates measured about 20 feet in height and belonged to the temple of Mamu, the god of dreams. These were made up of 13 bronze bands attached through nails to two wooden gates of the palace. The bronze bands depict a sacrifice and war scenes from the campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III
(859-824 BC), and were the first depictions of landscape elements (such as trees and mountains) in Assyrian art.
The Balawat gates are now on display at the British Museum
in London
.
Two small sections of the Shalmaneser bronze door bands are at the
Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore
.
, which connected the village to the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrod
and the village of Bakhdida
(Al Hamdaniyah.) The project was dubbed "Ninewa Village Roads Project" and was funded by the U.S. government. The contract to build the roads was given to the Ashour General Construction Contracting Company and cost $1,120,000.
Ninawa Governorate
Ninawa is a governorate in northern Iraq, and the Arabic name for the biblical city of Nineveh in Assyria. It has an area of and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people in 2003. Its chief city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient...
, Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, 25 km (15.5 mi) southeast from the city of Mosul
Mosul
Mosul , is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial...
and 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south of the modern Assyrian
Assyrian people
The Assyrian people are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia...
town of Bakhdida
Bakhdida
Bakhdida , also known as Baghdeda, Qaraqosh, Karakosh or Al-Hamdaniya, is an Assyrian town in the northern Iraq Ninawa Governorate, located about 32 km southeast of the city of Mosul amid agricultural lands, close to the ruins of the ancient Assyrian cities Nimrud and Nineveh. It is connected...
. It was the site of the ancient Neo-Assyrian city of Imgur-Enlil. The meaning of Imgur-Enlil is "Enlil agreed".
Note that there was also a wall in ancient Babylon
Babylon
Babylon was an Akkadian city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which are found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad...
named Imgur-Enlil.
The city of Imgur-Enlil
The city of Imgur-Enlil was founded by the Neo-Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (884-859 BC). It lay 10 km (6.2 mi) up the Derrah river from the TigrisTigris
The Tigris River is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.-Geography:...
, where the city of Kalhu (see Nimrud
Nimrud
Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris in modern Ninawa Governorate Iraq. In ancient times the city was called Kalḫu. The Arabs called the city Nimrud after the Biblical Nimrod, a legendary hunting hero .The city covered an area of around . Ruins of the city...
) was situated. Imgur-Enlil lay between the city of Nineveh
Nineveh
Nineveh was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and capital of the Neo Assyrian Empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day major city of Mosul, in the Ninawa Governorate of Iraq....
and the province of Arrapha
Arrapha
Arrapha was an ancient Assyrian city that existed in what is today the city of Kirkuk, Iraq. The city was founded around 2000 BC and derived its name from the old Assyrian word Arabkha which was later changed to Arrapha...
in the southeast along the royal Assyrian road. Ashurnasirpal II had already transferred the capital from Assur
Assur
Assur , was one of the capitals of ancient Assyria. The remains of the city are situated on the western bank of river Tigris, north of the confluence with the tributary Little Zab river, in modern day Iraq, more precisely in the Al-Shirqat District .Assur is also...
to Kalhu, and the foundation of Imgur-Enlil may have been a further step to knit up the Neo-Assyrian empire. Construction at the site continued under Ashurnasirpal II's son Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III was king of Assyria , and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II....
. The city existed for about two centuries but was, like all Assyrian cities, sacked and destroyed by the Medes
Medes
The MedesThe Medes...
and Babylonians at the fall of the Assyrian empire 614-609 BC.
Archaeology
The city was excavated in 1878 by archaeologist Hormuzd RassamHormuzd Rassam
Hormuzd Rassam , was a native Assyrian Assyriologist, British diplomat and traveller who made a number of important discoveries, including the clay tablets that contained the Epic of Gilgamesh, the world's oldest literature...
.
The site was again excavated by Max Mallowan
Max Mallowan
Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan, CBE was a prominent British archaeologist, specialising in ancient Middle Eastern history, and the second husband of Dame Agatha Christie.-Life and work:...
for the British School of Archaeology in Iraq
British School of Archaeology in Iraq
The British Institute for the Study of Iraq is the only body in Britain devoted to research into the ancient civilizations and languages of Mesopotamia....
in 1956.
A surface survey was conducted by D. J. Tucker in 1989 for the British Museum.
The town walls
enclosed an area of around 64 hectares. Aside from temples and palace buildings, the most important artifacts discovered there were the so-called Balawat gates. The gates measured about 20 feet in height and belonged to the temple of Mamu, the god of dreams. These were made up of 13 bronze bands attached through nails to two wooden gates of the palace. The bronze bands depict a sacrifice and war scenes from the campaigns of the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III was king of Assyria , and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II....
(859-824 BC), and were the first depictions of landscape elements (such as trees and mountains) in Assyrian art.
The Balawat gates are now on display at the British Museum
British Museum
The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its...
in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
.
Two small sections of the Shalmaneser bronze door bands are at the
Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the US state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore...
.
Post U.S.-Iraq War construction
In November 2004, the village had roads constructed by the United States ArmyUnited States Army
The United States Army is the main branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven U.S. uniformed services...
, which connected the village to the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrod
Nimrod
Nimrod means "Hunter"; was a Biblical Mesopotamian king mentioned in the Table of Nations; an eponym for the city of Nimrud.Nimrod can also refer to any of the following:*Nimród Antal, a director...
and the village of Bakhdida
Bakhdida
Bakhdida , also known as Baghdeda, Qaraqosh, Karakosh or Al-Hamdaniya, is an Assyrian town in the northern Iraq Ninawa Governorate, located about 32 km southeast of the city of Mosul amid agricultural lands, close to the ruins of the ancient Assyrian cities Nimrud and Nineveh. It is connected...
(Al Hamdaniyah.) The project was dubbed "Ninewa Village Roads Project" and was funded by the U.S. government. The contract to build the roads was given to the Ashour General Construction Contracting Company and cost $1,120,000.