Arood
Encyclopedia
ʿArūḍ or Arud is what Arabic people call the Science of Poetry . Its laws were put by old poet Al-Farahidi (786 - 718 of the Islamic calendar) who did so in response to many younger poets' requests. What follows are rules of the Science of ʿArūḍ as it is taught to students.
to define which is correct or incorrect.
The fatha, ḍamma and kasra are represented by the (same as the symbol for ) and the or by the usual character (looks like a zero).
There happens to be phrases to facilitate memorizing notions (mnemotechnical ways). It is the case here: the sentence would be:
(Literally meaning: I did not see a fish on top of a mountain)
There is also a case in which their number is less than three: when the verses are only taken from complete poems to make a citation.
They are used to mesure the poems' structure and are the most important notion taken in ʿArūḍ study.
Each of the and the 'ajuz has two parts:
- The 's last word is called the , and the rest of it is called ḥashū ṣ-ṣadr (meaning "the filling of the chest")
- The 'ajuz' s last word is called the (literally "the hit"), and the rest of it is called ḥashū 'ajoz (meaning "the filling of the belly")
A particularity of the is that its last consonant and the vowel that comes after it (the two last letters) are called the and that its last two s, all the that are in between, and the last before them, is called the .
Eventually, an Arabic example word would be more useful: "Al-kareem" meaning "The generous" is usually spelled "". In writing, it's "".
What happened to it?
In this case, the first letter after the Al- (after the the) is a moonletter (harf qamari), meaning that you'd read the word lkareem. In writing, it would come as .
Had the word started with a sunletter (harf shamsi), as in "Al-shams" (meaning "The sun"), you would only pronounce the letter with a slight emphasis and a little 'a' sound before it (the word would be read ). This one, in writing, would come as , while usually it would come as .
Did you notice the little in the usual writing? It is called a and means that the letter under which it is put counts as being doubled (or emphasized). In ʿArūḍ writing, it is cancelled, and the letter on which it is put, if it is a sunletter, goes for another one of the same letter next to it. When the letter is a moonletter, it doesn't get another one of the same letter.
Short definition of ʿArūḍ
It is a lingual science which studies in poetic metersMeter (poetry)
In poetry, metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order. The study of metres and forms of versification is known as prosody...
to define which is correct or incorrect.
The source of ʿArūḍ
It was born within the first century of the Islamic calendar in a region called ʿArūḍ near Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which is why it was called ʿArūḍ.The way of spelling ʿArūḍ
The ʿArūḍ spelling is based on the (which indicates that the letter above which it is placed is followed by a short vowel, either ( ), ( ) or ( ) .) and on the , also called (which indicates that the letter above which it is placed is NOT followed by any short vowel - but by a long one it could).The fatha, ḍamma and kasra are represented by the (same as the symbol for ) and the or by the usual character (looks like a zero).
There happens to be phrases to facilitate memorizing notions (mnemotechnical ways). It is the case here: the sentence would be:
(Literally meaning: I did not see a fish on top of a mountain)
Tafāʿīl (تفاعيل)
The are the meter units in the Arabic poetry system. In most sonnets there will be eight of those: four in the first verse and four in the second; in other cases, there will be six of them, meaning three in the first verse and three in the second.There is also a case in which their number is less than three: when the verses are only taken from complete poems to make a citation.
Verses or Buhūr (البحور)
Khaleel ben ahmed Al-Farahidi (718 - 786 A.D.) wrote fifteen verse types, and his student, Al-Akhfash added one to them.They are used to mesure the poems' structure and are the most important notion taken in ʿArūḍ study.
Stanzas or Buyūt (بيوت)
It is composed of two verses, one of which is called the (literally Chest) and the other which is called the 'Ajuz (عجز) (literally belly). They were called as such because, they represent the first part and the second part of a or a tent.Each of the and the 'ajuz has two parts:
- The 's last word is called the , and the rest of it is called ḥashū ṣ-ṣadr (meaning "the filling of the chest")
- The 'ajuz
A particularity of the is that its last consonant and the vowel that comes after it (the two last letters) are called the and that its last two s, all the that are in between, and the last before them, is called the .
Writing Arabic in ʿArūḍ-ee
What is heard is written, and what isn't heard isn't written. For example, the word "thought" would be written "tot".Eventually, an Arabic example word would be more useful: "Al-kareem" meaning "The generous" is usually spelled "". In writing, it's "".
What happened to it?
In this case, the first letter after the Al- (after the the) is a moonletter (harf qamari), meaning that you'd read the word lkareem. In writing, it would come as .
Had the word started with a sunletter (harf shamsi), as in "Al-shams" (meaning "The sun"), you would only pronounce the letter with a slight emphasis and a little 'a' sound before it (the word would be read ). This one, in writing, would come as , while usually it would come as .
Did you notice the little in the usual writing? It is called a and means that the letter under which it is put counts as being doubled (or emphasized). In ʿArūḍ writing, it is cancelled, and the letter on which it is put, if it is a sunletter, goes for another one of the same letter next to it. When the letter is a moonletter, it doesn't get another one of the same letter.