Amnesty of 1947
Encyclopedia
The Amnesty of 1947 in Poland was an amnesty
directed at soldiers and activists of the Polish anti-communist underground, issued by the authorities of People's Republic of Poland
. The law on amnesty was passed by the Polish Sejm
on February 22, 1947. The actual purpose of the amnesty was the liquidation of coordinated resistance to the newly established communist regime. The promise of amnesty was not kept. Information collected during questioning of the "cursed soldiers
" who had revealed themselves led to a later round of arrests and repression, including of those who stayed in hiding.
This was the second amnesty in Poland after World War II
. The first one lasted from July of 22, 1945 until the 15th of October, 1945.
(UB). The amnesty did not apply to the members of the Ukrainian nationalist organizations, such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, as were considered allies of Nazi Germany by the communist government. Throughout Poland, special "National Amnesty Committees" were formed, attached to the local stations of the Polish political police, UB. Each person who gave himself up as part of the amnesty had to give up his weapons, if he had any, fill out a detailed form in which he revealed the underground resistance group he was a member of, as well as his conspiratorial code name and other information.
During the amnesty, from fifty three to fifty five thousand people came out of the underground and presented themselves to the authorities. A further 23,257 persons who had already been imprisoned declared themselves members of underground organizations in order to take advantage of the law. All together the amnesty ended up covering 76,774 people. For the most part these consisted of soldiers from various underground organizations, such as Freedom and Independence (WiN) and National Armed Forces (NSZ), as well as deserters from the Polish People's Army, the milicja (MO) and the UB. According to official statistics of the Ministry of Public Security, 90% of all members of the organization Freedom and Independence revealed themselves, and about 60% of all members of National Armed Forces. For comparison, in the previous amnesty of 1945, only 30,217 persons left the underground resistance many of whom soon returned to actively fighting the communist government.
Almost as soon as the amnesty expired the communist authorities began to go back on their promises. All the information was analyzed and many of the former soldiers were called back to give more information about their friends and fellow soldiers who remained in the underground. Many of them were consequently arrested on trumped up charges. Between 1948-1950 a further number were arrested on charges which were supposed to been have covered by the amnesty. A number of those who had given themselves up, as a result, returned to the underground although they mostly ceased participation in armed resistance.
Amnesty
Amnesty is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to the positions of innocent people, without changing the laws defining the offense. It includes more than pardon, in as much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the...
directed at soldiers and activists of the Polish anti-communist underground, issued by the authorities of People's Republic of Poland
People's Republic of Poland
The People's Republic of Poland was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1990. Although the Soviet Union took control of the country immediately after the liberation from Nazi Germany in 1944, the name of the state was not changed until eight years later...
. The law on amnesty was passed by the Polish Sejm
Sejm
The Sejm is the lower house of the Polish parliament. The Sejm is made up of 460 deputies, or Poseł in Polish . It is elected by universal ballot and is presided over by a speaker called the Marshal of the Sejm ....
on February 22, 1947. The actual purpose of the amnesty was the liquidation of coordinated resistance to the newly established communist regime. The promise of amnesty was not kept. Information collected during questioning of the "cursed soldiers
Cursed soldiers
The cursed soldiers is a name applied to a variety of Polish resistance movements formed in the later stages of World War II and afterwards. Created by some members of the Polish Secret State, these clandestine organizations continued their armed struggle against the Stalinist government of Poland...
" who had revealed themselves led to a later round of arrests and repression, including of those who stayed in hiding.
This was the second amnesty in Poland after World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. The first one lasted from July of 22, 1945 until the 15th of October, 1945.
The Amnesty
The Amnesty was in effect for two months, from February 25 until April 25, 1947. There was no provision for its extension. The execution of the amnesty law was placed in the hands of the Ministry of Public SecurityMinistry of Public Security of Poland
The Ministry of Public Security of Poland was a Polish communist secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage service operating from 1945 to 1954 under Jakub Berman of the Politburo...
(UB). The amnesty did not apply to the members of the Ukrainian nationalist organizations, such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, as were considered allies of Nazi Germany by the communist government. Throughout Poland, special "National Amnesty Committees" were formed, attached to the local stations of the Polish political police, UB. Each person who gave himself up as part of the amnesty had to give up his weapons, if he had any, fill out a detailed form in which he revealed the underground resistance group he was a member of, as well as his conspiratorial code name and other information.
During the amnesty, from fifty three to fifty five thousand people came out of the underground and presented themselves to the authorities. A further 23,257 persons who had already been imprisoned declared themselves members of underground organizations in order to take advantage of the law. All together the amnesty ended up covering 76,774 people. For the most part these consisted of soldiers from various underground organizations, such as Freedom and Independence (WiN) and National Armed Forces (NSZ), as well as deserters from the Polish People's Army, the milicja (MO) and the UB. According to official statistics of the Ministry of Public Security, 90% of all members of the organization Freedom and Independence revealed themselves, and about 60% of all members of National Armed Forces. For comparison, in the previous amnesty of 1945, only 30,217 persons left the underground resistance many of whom soon returned to actively fighting the communist government.
Consequences
As a result, after the expiration of the deadline in 1947, there remained no more than two thousand soldiers in the armed anti-communist underground. A well organized resistance practically ceased to exist. Thanks to the information obtained from those who gave themselves up, the UB was able to more quickly hunt down and eliminate those who remained in the underground.Almost as soon as the amnesty expired the communist authorities began to go back on their promises. All the information was analyzed and many of the former soldiers were called back to give more information about their friends and fellow soldiers who remained in the underground. Many of them were consequently arrested on trumped up charges. Between 1948-1950 a further number were arrested on charges which were supposed to been have covered by the amnesty. A number of those who had given themselves up, as a result, returned to the underground although they mostly ceased participation in armed resistance.