All Parks Alliance for Change (APAC) is a grassroots

Grassroots

A grassroots movement is one driven by the politics of a community. The term implies that the creation of the movement and the group supporting it are natural and spontaneous, highlighting the differences between this and a movement that is orchestrated by traditional power structures...

, non-partisan, nonprofit statewide organization that serves as a vehicle for Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.3 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state...

's 180,000 manufactured (mobile) home park residents to express their needs and concerns in their parks and in the larger community.

Mission

APAC is the statewide organization for Minnesota's 180,000 manufactured home (mobile home

Mobile home

Mobile homes or static caravans are prefabricated homes built in factories, rather than on site, and then taken to the place where they will be occupied...

) park residents. The primary purpose of APAC is to educate park residents about their legal rights and to help them advocate on their own behalf. APAC focuses on the quality of life in park neighborhoods, the rights of park residents, public policy change to support park communities, and preservation of these communities.

Structure

APAC's board of directors is composed of individuals elected from manufactured home parks. Board members are elected by the park residents, after their park has attained chapter status by recruiting 10 percent of the households to join as dues-paying members.

APAC also has a full-time staff that includes an executive director, legal & public policy director, organizing director, community organizers, national project coordinator, and a Democracy Project coordinator.

History

APAC was founded in 1980 by a group of park residents in Anoka County who initially worked to eliminate no-cause evictions, and to create new storm shelter standards. These efforts eventually lead to the establishment of a special section of state law for manufactured home parks (Minnesota Statute 327C). APAC expanded to the seven county metro area in 1989 and statewide in 1994. In 2007, APAC began a national resident organizing project to promote resident leadership, organizing and advocacy in other states and on a national level.

Programs

APAC members work with a full-time professional staff to develop and provide the following programs:

• Resident Education – In English and Spanish, APAC offers a statewide, toll-free resident hotline (866-361-APAC), conducts educational workshops, and produces consumer guides.
• Leadership Development – APAC works with homeowners to form resident associations and conduct leadership trainings.
• Community Organizing – APAC works with homeowners to respond to management practices, rent increases, housing discrimination, homeowner displacement, and other issues.
• Community Preservation – APAC works with residents at-risk of displacement to preserve their communities through a purchase by a nonprofit, land trust, or co-op developer.
• Legal Advocacy – APAC provides legal representation for residents, including filing tenant remedies actions for communities facing unsafe or unhealthy conditions.
• Public Policy Work – APAC works with residents to advance local and state policy changes.
• Racial Justice – APAC has documented and is responding to enormous disparities in resident treatment based on a person's race, including differential treatment and conditions, residency denial, and steering practices.
• National Resident Organizing – APAC began a national resident organizing project to promote resident leadership, organizing and advocacy in other states and on a national level.

Accomplishments

These programs have produced the following results:

• 1980: A plain English lease giving residents a better understanding of their rights and responsibilities.
• 1981: A national precedent was set for utilizing Community Development Block Grant
  Community Development Block Grant
  The Community Development Block Grant , one of the longest-running programs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, funds local community development activities such as affordable housing, anti-poverty programs, and infrastructure development...
  
   (CDBG) funds when a grant was secured for park storm shelters in Blaine, Minnesota parks.
• 1982: State legislation to eliminate no cause eviction, prevent retaliatory eviction and establish storm shelter standards.
• 1983: State legislation to bar so-called 15-year clauses in leases. These clauses allowed park owners to prohibit in-park sales of older homes, forcing residents with older homes at their own expense to either demolish the home or move it out of the park. Residents now have the right to sell a home within the park regardless of the age as long as it is within compliance with park rules.
• 1986: Support from the Minnesota Attorney General's office to protect the right to organize in parks, by preventing management from evicting residents for forming a resident association and peacefully distributing flyers in their parks.
• 1987: State legislation to authorize municipalities to adopt park closing ordinances to require park owners and/or purchasers to provide relocation compensation in the event of a park closing. State legislation for stricter enforcement of storm shelter requirements, which gives cities the authority to order park owners to construct shelters if an evacuation plan is determined to be inadequate.
• 1989: State legislation to allow cooperative and nonprofit owned parks to homestead. This tax change reduces the costs of park conversions by lowering property taxes about 65%. The first park closing ordinance in the city of Bloomington, Minnesota
  Bloomington, Minnesota
  Bloomington is the fifth largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota in Hennepin County. Located on the north bank of the Minnesota River above its confluence with the Mississippi River, Bloomington lies at the heart of the southern...
  
  . The ordinance provided for relocation compensation in the event of a park closing. Between 1989 and 2007, similar municipal ordinances adopted by 21 other cities.
• 1991: State legislation to create a right of first refusal in the event that a park is sold for redevelopment within one year of that sale. Residents or an authorized nonprofit are given 45-days to match the terms and conditions of the sale.
• 1993: Collins Park became the first park to close under a park closing ordinance. Under the terms of the Bloomington ordinance, 90 households were given relocation compensation or the fair market value for their homes.
• 1994: Three pieces of state legislation: (1) a requirement that home repossession actions take place in the county in which the home is located; (2) a requirement that park residents receive a copy of the park's evacuation plan and a certificate of rent paid form; and (3) a prohibition on restrictive zoning against parks.
• 1995: The Bloomington park closing ordinances is successfully upheld in court, establishing a legal precedent for park closing ordinances in the state of Minnesota. The former owner of Collins Park, which closed in 1993, had sued the city over paying relocation compensation.
• 1997: State legislation to require parks to provide criteria used for evaluating prospective tenants.
• 2003: APAC launches a joint program with the Northcountry Cooperative Development Fund
  Northcountry Cooperative Development Fund
  The Northcountry Cooperative Development Fund is a cooperative development fund based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. NCDF acts as a financial intermediary, obtaining deposits and investments from cooperative enterprises and their supporters and providing loans and other assistance to cooperative...
  
   (NCDF) to preserve parks through conversion to resident-owned cooperatives.
• 2004: APAC worked with NCDF to convert Sunrise Villa in Cannon Falls into the first resident-owned manufactured home park cooperative in Minnesota and the upper Midwest. APAC worked with NCDF to promote the conversion of three other communities between 2004 and 2008.
• 2005: APAC worked with residents of Shady Lane in Bloomington on the first exercise of the right of first refusal. It is challenged by the park owner and successfully upheld in court, establishing a legal precedent for the right of first refusal in the state of Minnesota. Defeat of state legislation that would have allowed park owners to break lease agreements and charge for water, even if it was already included in lot rent.
• 2006: State legislation to require that park closing notices be sent to the Minnesota Housing Finance Agency
  Minnesota Housing Finance Agency
  The Minnesota Housing Finance Agency is an agency of the State of Minnesota tasked with reducing and/or eliminating homelessness, increasing home ownership for minorities, and increasing and preserving affordable housing....
  
   and the Minnesota Department of Health. APAC obtained a proclamation from Gov. Tim Pawlenty
  Tim Pawlenty
  Timothy James "Tim" Pawlenty , also known affectionately among supporters as T-Paw, is an American politician who served as the 39th Governor of Minnesota . He was a Republican candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 election from May to August 2011...
  
   recognizing the vital role of manufactured home communities, honoring APAC's work on behalf of homeowners, and declaring September 24–30, 2006 "Manufactured Home Park Week." APAC worked with Twin Cities Public Television
  Twin Cities Public Television
  Twin Cities Public Television is a non-profit organization based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, that operates the Twin Cities' two Public Broadcasting Service member Public television stations, KTCA-TV and KTCI-TV...
  
   on the Emmy-nominated documentary, "American Dream Under Fire: Manufactured Home Park Residents Fight to Hold Ground."
• 2007: State legislation to establish the Minnesota Manufactured Home Relocation Trust Fund providing a statewide guarantee of relocation compensation when a park closes to 180,000 residents in over 400 cities. Passage of the final local relocation compensation ordinances allowed under the new trust fund program. APAC successfully argued before the Minnesota Supreme Court
  Minnesota Supreme Court
  The Minnesota Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Minnesota and consists of seven members. The court was first assembled as a three-judge panel in 1849 when Minnesota was still a territory. The first members were lawyers from outside of the region who were appointed by...
  
  that no park owner can prohibit residents or others from peacefully organizing, assembling, canvassing, leafleting, or otherwise expressing their right of free expression in parks.

State associations

• Alaska - Alaska Manufactured Home Resident Advisory Council
• Arizona - Arizona Association Manufactured Home & RV Owners (AAMHO)
• California - Golden State Manufactured-Home Owners League (GSMOL)
• California - League of California Homeowners
• California - California Mobilehomeowners Resource & Action Association (CMRAA)
• California - Manufactured Home Owners Network
• Colorado - Colorado Manufactured Home Owners Association (CMHOA)
• Connecticut - Connecticut Manufactured Home Owners Alliance (CMHA)
• Delaware - Delware Manufactured Home Owners Association (DMHOA)
• Florida - Federation of Manufactured Home Owners of Florida (FMO)
• Illinois - Mobile Home Owners' Associations of Illinois (MHOAI)
• Iowa - Mobile Home Residents' Association
• Maine - Mobile Home Association of Maine
• Massachusetts - Massachusetts Federtaion of Mobile Home Owners
• Michigan - Manufactured Homeowners Coalition of Michigan (MOCOM)
• Michigan - Manufactured Homeowners Legislative Association of Michigan (MOLA)
• Nevada - Nevada Association of Manufactured Homeowners
• Nevada - Alliance of Manufactured Home Owners in Parks
• New Hampshire - Manufactured Home Owners & Tenant Association of New Hampshire (MOTA-NH)
• New Jersey - Manufactured Home Owners Association of NJ, Inc. (MHOA)
• New York - Park Resident Homeowners Association (PRHO)
• North Carolina - North Carolina Manufactured Home Owners Association
• Ohio - Association of Manufactured Home Residents in Ohio (AMHRO)
• Oregon - Manufactured Home Owners of Oregon, Inc. / OSTA
• Oregon - Oregon Manufactured Homeowners United
• Pennsylvania - Pennsylvania Manufactured Home Owners of America
• Rhode Island - Federation of Rhode Island Mobile Home Owners (FMHORI)
• South Carolina - Manufactured Home Owners of South Carolina
• Texas - Recreational Vehicle/Mobile Home Owners Association of Texas (RVMHOAT)
• Utah - Utah Mobile Home Owners Action Group (UMHAG)
• Vermont - Vermont Mobile Home Owners Association (VMHOA)
• Washington - Association of Manufactured Home Owners (AMHO)
• Washington - Mobile Home Owners of America, Inc. (MHOA)
• Wisconsin - Wisconsin Manufactured Home Owners Association, Inc. (WIMHOA)

External links

• All Parks Alliance for Change
• Manufactured Home Owners Association of America