ABAP
Encyclopedia
ABAP is a high-level programming language
created by the German
software company SAP
. It is currently positioned, alongside the more recently introduced Java
, as the language for programming the SAP Application Server
, part of its NetWeaver
platform for building business applications. The syntax of ABAP is somewhat similar to COBOL
.
) first developed in the 1980s. It was originally the report language for SAP R/2
, a platform that enabled large corporations to build mainframe business applications for materials management and financial and management accounting.
ABAP used to be an abbreviation of Allgemeiner Berichtsaufbereitungsprozessor, the German meaning of "generic report preparation processor" , but was later renamed to Advanced Business Application Programming. ABAP was one of the first languages to include the concept of Logical Databases (LDBs), which provides a high level of abstraction from the basic database level(s).
The ABAP programming language was originally used by developers to develop the SAP R/3
platform. It was also intended to be used by SAP customers to enhance SAP applications – customers can develop custom reports and interfaces with ABAP programming. The language is fairly easy to learn for programmers but it is not a tool for direct use by non-programmers. Knowledge of relational database design and preferably also of object-oriented concepts is necessary to create ABAP programs.
ABAP remains the language for creating programs for the client-server R/3
system, which SAP first released in 1992. As computer hardware evolved through the 1990s, more and more of SAP's applications and systems were written in ABAP. By 2001, all but the most basic functions were written in ABAP. In 1999, SAP released an object-oriented extension to ABAP called ABAP Objects, along with R/3 release 4.6.
SAP's current development platform NetWeaver
supports both ABAP and Java
.
bytecode. ABAP programs execute under the control of the runtime system, which is part of the SAP kernel. The runtime system is responsible for processing ABAP statements, controlling the flow logic of screens and responding to events (such as a user clicking on a screen button); in this respect it can be seen as a Virtual Machine
comparable with the Java VM. A key component of the ABAP runtime system is the Database Interface, which turns database-independent ABAP statements ("Open SQL") into statements understood by the underlying DBMS ("Native SQL"). The database interface handles all the communication with the relational database on behalf of ABAP programs; it also contains extra features such as buffering of tables and frequently accessed data in the local memory of the application server.
. In that sense SAP Basis can be seen as the virtual machine
on which SAP applications run. Like any operating system, SAP Basis contains both low-level services (for example memory management, database communication or servicing Web requests) and high-level tools for end users and administrators. These tools can be executables ("SAP kernel") running directly on the underlying operating system, transactions developed in ABAP, or Web-based programs.
SAP Basis also provides a layer of abstraction between the business applications and the operating system and database. This ensures that applications do not depend directly upon a specific server or database platform and can easily be ported from one platform to another.
SAP Basis currently runs on UNIX
(AIX, HP-UX
, Solaris, Linux
), Microsoft Windows
, i5/OS on IBM System i (formerly iSeries, AS/400) and z/OS
on IBM System z (formerly zSeries, S/390). Supported databases are IBM DB2
, Informix
, MaxDB
, Oracle
and Microsoft SQL Server
(support for Informix was discontinued in SAP Basis release 7.00).
Installations of the Web Application Server
(landscapes) typically consist of three systems: one for development, one for testing and quality assurance, and one for production. The landscape may contain more systems, e.g. separate systems for unit testing and pre-production testing, or it may contain fewer, e.g. only development and production, without separate QA; nevertheless three is the most common configuration. ABAP programs are created and undergo first testing in the development system. Afterwards they are distributed to the other systems in the landscape. These actions take place under control of the Change and Transport System (CTS), which is responsible for concurrency control (e.g. preventing two developers from changing the same code at the same time), version management and deployment of programs on the QA and production systems.
The Web Application Server
consists of three layers: the database layer, the application layer and the presentation layer. These layers may run on the same or on different physical machines. The database layer contains the relational database and the database software. The application layer knowledge contains the instance or instances of the system. All application processes, including the business transactions and the ABAP development, run on the application layer. The presentation layer handles the interaction with users of the system. Online access to ABAP application servers can go via a proprietary graphical interface, which is called "SAP GUI", or via a Web browser.
The term "transaction" must not be misunderstood here; in the context just described, a transaction simply means calling and executing an ABAP program. In application programming, "transaction" often refers to an indivisible operation on data, which is either committed as a whole or undone (rolled back) as a whole. This concept exists in SAP and is called as a LUW (Logical Unit of Work). In the course of one transaction (program execution), there can be different LUWs. Transaction for ABAP Workbench could be invoked using transaction code SE80 to work on all ABAP related activities
ABAP distinguishes two types of executable programs:
Reports follow a relatively simple programming model whereby a user optionally enters a set of parameters (e.g. a selection over a subset of data) and the program then uses the input parameters to produce a report in the form of an interactive list. The term "report" can be somewhat misleading in that reports can also be designed to modify data; the reason why these programs are called reports is the "list-oriented" nature of the output they produce.
Module pools define more complex patterns of user interaction using a collection of screens. The term “screen” refers to the actual, physical image that the user sees. Each screen also has a “flow logic”, which refers to the ABAP code implicitly invoked by the screens. Each screen has its own flow logic, which is divided into a "PBO" (Process Before Output) and "PAI" (Process After Input) section. In SAP documentation the term “dynpro” (dynamic program) refers to the combination of the screen and its flow logic.
The non-executable program types are:
An INCLUDE module gets included at generation time into the calling unit; it is often used to subdivide very large programs. Subroutine pools contain ABAP subroutines (blocks of code enclosed by FORM/ENDFORM statements and invoked with PERFORM). Function groups are libraries of self-contained function modules (enclosed by FUNCTION/ENDFUNCTION and invoked with CALL FUNCTION). Object classes and interfaces are similar to Java classes and interfaces; the first define a set of methods and attributes, the second contain "empty" method definitions, for which any class implementing the interface must provide explicit code. Type pools define collections of data types and constants.
The Object Navigator (transaction SE80) provides a single integrated interface into these various tools.
When a dictionary object is changed, a program that references the changed object will automatically reference the new version the next time the program runs. Because ABAP is interpreted, it is not necessary to recompile programs that reference changed dictionary objects.
A brief description of the most important types of dictionary objects follows:
REPORT TEST.
WRITE 'Hello World'.
This example contains two statements: REPORT and WRITE. The program displays a list on the screen. In this case, the list consists of the single line "Hello World". The REPORT statement indicates that this program is a report. An alternative statement, PROGRAM, would be used for a module pool.
The "Hello World" program could be legally rewritten as follows:
REPORT tESt. WRITE
'Hello World' .
To ensure that code is readable, the ABAP editor provides a "Pretty Printer" function, which takes care of proper indentation. The Pretty Printer also offers a choice between several models of case standardization (all upper case, all lower case, upper case for statements/keywords, upper case for variable names).
If a text literal in an ABAP statement extends across more than one line, then a ‘&’ character must be used to combine a succession of text literals into a single one. Example:
USERPROMPT = 'Please double-click on a line in the output list ' &
'to see the complete details of the transaction.'.
The rule that tokens must be separated by at least one space extends even to operators, parentheses and other symbols. For example the following code is incorrect:
X=(A+B)-(C+2).
The variable names (X, A, B, C), the numeric constant 2, the operators "=", "+" and "-" and the parentheses must all be white-space delimited. The correct code is:
X = ( A + B ) - ( C + 2 ).
Chaining is very often used in WRITE statements. WRITE accepts just one argument, so if for instance you wanted to display three fields from a structure called FLIGHTINFO, you would have to code:
WRITE FLIGHTINFO-CITYFROM.
WRITE FLIGHTINFO-CITYTO.
WRITE FLIGHTINFO-AIRPTO.
Chaining the statements results in a more readable and more intuitive form:
WRITE: FLIGHTINFO-CITYFROM, FLIGHTINFO-CITYTO, FLIGHTINFO-AIRPTO.
In a chain statement, the first part (before the colon) is not limited to the statement name alone. The entire common part of the consecutive statements can be placed before the colon. Example:
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO LASTNAME.
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO FIRSTNAME.
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO CITYNAME.
could be rewritten in chained form as:
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO: LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME, CITYNAME.
:
Example:
The built-in data types are:
Date variables or constants (type D) contain the number of days since January 1, AD 1. Time variables or constants (type T) contain the number of seconds since midnight. A special characteristic of both types is that they can be accessed both as integers and as character strings (with internal format "YYYYMMDD" for dates and "hhmmss" for times), which makes date/time handling very easy. For example, the code snippet below calculates the last day of the previous month (note: SY-DATUM is a system-defined variable containing the current date):
DATA LAST_EOM TYPE D. "last end-of-month date
LAST_EOM = SY-DATUM.
LAST_EOM+6(2) = '01'.
LAST_EOM = LAST_EOM - 1.
WRITE: 'Last day of previous month was', LAST_EOM.
All ABAP variables must be explicitly declared
in order to be used. Normally all declarations are placed at the top of the code module (program, subroutine, function) before the first executable statement; this placement is a convention and not an enforced syntax rule. The declaration consists of the name, type, length (where applicable), additional modifiers (e.g. the number of implied decimals for a packed decimal field) and optionally an initial value:
DATA: COUNTER TYPE I,
VALIDITY TYPE I VALUE 60,
TAXRATE(3) TYPE P DECIMALS 1,
LASTNAME(20) TYPE C,
DESCRIPTION TYPE STRING.
DATA: ORIGIN TYPE COUNTRY.
DATA: T_FLIGHTS TYPE TABLE OF FLIGHTINFO,
T_LOOKUP TYPE HASHED TABLE OF FLT_LOOKUP.
DATA: BOOKING TYPE REF TO CL_FLT_BOOKING.
Notice the use of the colon to chain together consecutive DATA statements.
, through a feature known as "ABAP Objects". This helps to simplify applications and make them more controllable.
ABAP Objects is fully compatible with the existing language, so one can use existing statements and modularization units in programs that use ABAP Objects, and can also use ABAP Objects in existing ABAP programs. Syntax checking is stronger in ABAP Objects programs, and some syntactical forms (usually older ones) of certain statements are not permitted.
This section lists some of the most important statements in the language, subdivided by function. Both the statements listed here and the subdivision used are fairly arbitrary and by no means exhaustive.
Examples of declarative statements:
The modularization statements can be further divided into event statements and defining statements:
Event statements
These are used to define the beginning of event processing blocks. There are no special statements to mark the end of such blocks - they end when the next processing block is introduced.
Examples of event keywords are:
Defining statements
These statements delineate callable code units such as subroutines, function modules and methods. The statement marking the end of the unit has the name of the opening statement prefixed with "END".
Examples of defining keywords:
Statements controlling conditional execution are:
The CHECK statement verifies a condition and exits the current processing block (e.g. loop or subroutine) if the condition is not satisfied.
Several statements exist to define a loop:
DO/ENDDO defines an unconditional loop. An exit condition (typically in the form "IF. EXIT. ENDIF.") must be provided inside the body of the loop. A variant (DO TIMES) sets as exit condition the number of times the loop body is executed.
WHILE/ENDWHILE defines a conditional loop. The condition is tested at the beginning of the loop.
LOOP/ENDLOOP loops over the lines of an internal table. The loop ends after processing the last line of the internal table.
Examples of call keywords:
A first group of operational statements assign or change a variable:
These statements, whose syntax originates in COBOL, can be written in a shorter form that uses operators rather than keywords:
MOVE LASTNAME TO RECIPIENT.
RECIPIENT = LASTNAME.
ADD TAX TO PRICE.
PRICE = PRICE + TAX.
Examples of operational statements on character strings:
Database access statements (Open SQL):
Statements working on internal tables (notice that some "SQL" statements can also be used here):
High-level programming language
A high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be from the specification of the program, making the process of...
created by the German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
software company SAP
SAP AG
SAP AG is a German software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations. Headquartered in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, with regional offices around the world, SAP is the market leader in enterprise application software...
. It is currently positioned, alongside the more recently introduced Java
Java (programming language)
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
, as the language for programming the SAP Application Server
SAP Web Application Server
SAP NetWeaver Application Server is a component of the NetWeaver solution which works as a web application server to SAP solutions. From the SAP point of view the Web AS is the foundation on which most of their product range runs....
, part of its NetWeaver
NetWeaver
SAP NetWeaver is SAP's integrated technology computing platform and is the technical foundation for many SAP applications since the SAP Business Suite. SAP NetWeaver is marketed as a service-oriented application and integration platform...
platform for building business applications. The syntax of ABAP is somewhat similar to COBOL
COBOL
COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments....
.
Introduction
ABAP is one of the many application-specific fourth-generation languages (4GLsFourth-generation programming language
A fourth-generation programming language is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific purpose in mind, such as the development of commercial business software. In the history of computer science, the 4GL followed the 3GL in an upward trend toward higher...
) first developed in the 1980s. It was originally the report language for SAP R/2
SAP R/2
SAP R/2 is a real-time enterprise resource planning software produced by SAP.SAP R/2 followed the company's first product, a materials management module called RM/1...
, a platform that enabled large corporations to build mainframe business applications for materials management and financial and management accounting.
ABAP used to be an abbreviation of Allgemeiner Berichtsaufbereitungsprozessor, the German meaning of "generic report preparation processor" , but was later renamed to Advanced Business Application Programming. ABAP was one of the first languages to include the concept of Logical Databases (LDBs), which provides a high level of abstraction from the basic database level(s).
The ABAP programming language was originally used by developers to develop the SAP R/3
SAP R/3
SAP R/3 is the former name of the main enterprise resource planning software produced by SAP AG. It is an enterprise-wide information system designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment or billing.- History of...
platform. It was also intended to be used by SAP customers to enhance SAP applications – customers can develop custom reports and interfaces with ABAP programming. The language is fairly easy to learn for programmers but it is not a tool for direct use by non-programmers. Knowledge of relational database design and preferably also of object-oriented concepts is necessary to create ABAP programs.
ABAP remains the language for creating programs for the client-server R/3
SAP R/3
SAP R/3 is the former name of the main enterprise resource planning software produced by SAP AG. It is an enterprise-wide information system designed to coordinate all the resources, information, and activities needed to complete business processes such as order fulfillment or billing.- History of...
system, which SAP first released in 1992. As computer hardware evolved through the 1990s, more and more of SAP's applications and systems were written in ABAP. By 2001, all but the most basic functions were written in ABAP. In 1999, SAP released an object-oriented extension to ABAP called ABAP Objects, along with R/3 release 4.6.
SAP's current development platform NetWeaver
NetWeaver
SAP NetWeaver is SAP's integrated technology computing platform and is the technical foundation for many SAP applications since the SAP Business Suite. SAP NetWeaver is marketed as a service-oriented application and integration platform...
supports both ABAP and Java
Java (programming language)
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
.
Where does the ABAP program run?
All ABAP programs reside inside the SAP database. They are not stored in separate external files like Java or C++ programs. In the database all ABAP code exists in two forms: source code, which can be viewed and edited with the ABAP Workbench tools, and generated code, a binary representation somewhat comparable with JavaJava (Sun)
Java refers to several computer software products and specifications from Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation, that together provide a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform environment...
bytecode. ABAP programs execute under the control of the runtime system, which is part of the SAP kernel. The runtime system is responsible for processing ABAP statements, controlling the flow logic of screens and responding to events (such as a user clicking on a screen button); in this respect it can be seen as a Virtual Machine
Virtual machine
A virtual machine is a "completely isolated guest operating system installation within a normal host operating system". Modern virtual machines are implemented with either software emulation or hardware virtualization or both together.-VM Definitions:A virtual machine is a software...
comparable with the Java VM. A key component of the ABAP runtime system is the Database Interface, which turns database-independent ABAP statements ("Open SQL") into statements understood by the underlying DBMS ("Native SQL"). The database interface handles all the communication with the relational database on behalf of ABAP programs; it also contains extra features such as buffering of tables and frequently accessed data in the local memory of the application server.
SAP Basis
The ABAP language environment, including the syntax checking, code generation and runtime system, is part of the SAP Basis component. SAP Basis is the technological platform that supports the entire range of SAP applications, now typically implemented in the framework of the SAP Web Application ServerSAP Web Application Server
SAP NetWeaver Application Server is a component of the NetWeaver solution which works as a web application server to SAP solutions. From the SAP point of view the Web AS is the foundation on which most of their product range runs....
. In that sense SAP Basis can be seen as the virtual machine
Virtual machine
A virtual machine is a "completely isolated guest operating system installation within a normal host operating system". Modern virtual machines are implemented with either software emulation or hardware virtualization or both together.-VM Definitions:A virtual machine is a software...
on which SAP applications run. Like any operating system, SAP Basis contains both low-level services (for example memory management, database communication or servicing Web requests) and high-level tools for end users and administrators. These tools can be executables ("SAP kernel") running directly on the underlying operating system, transactions developed in ABAP, or Web-based programs.
SAP Basis also provides a layer of abstraction between the business applications and the operating system and database. This ensures that applications do not depend directly upon a specific server or database platform and can easily be ported from one platform to another.
SAP Basis currently runs on UNIX
Unix
Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna...
(AIX, HP-UX
HP-UX
HP-UX is Hewlett-Packard's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on UNIX System V and first released in 1984...
, Solaris, Linux
Linux
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...
), Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal...
, i5/OS on IBM System i (formerly iSeries, AS/400) and z/OS
Z/OS
z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for mainframe computers, produced by IBM. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn followed a string of MVS versions.Starting with earliest:*OS/VS2 Release 2 through Release 3.8...
on IBM System z (formerly zSeries, S/390). Supported databases are IBM DB2
IBM DB2
The IBM DB2 Enterprise Server Edition is a relational model database server developed by IBM. It primarily runs on Unix , Linux, IBM i , z/OS and Windows servers. DB2 also powers the different IBM InfoSphere Warehouse editions...
, Informix
Informix
IBM Informix is a family of relational database management system developed by IBM. It is positioned as IBM's flagship data server for online transaction processing as well as integrated solutions...
, MaxDB
MaxDB
MaxDB is an ANSI SQL-92 compliant relational database management system from SAP AG, which was delivered also by MySQL AB from 2003 to 2007. MaxDB is targeted for large SAP environments e.g. mySAP Business Suite and other applications that require enterprise-level database functionality...
, Oracle
Oracle database
The Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation....
and Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database server, developed by Microsoft: It is a software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those running on another computer across a network...
(support for Informix was discontinued in SAP Basis release 7.00).
SAP systems and landscapes
All SAP data exists and all SAP software runs in the context of an SAP system. A system consists of a central relational database and one or more application servers ("instances") accessing the data and programs in this database. A SAP system contains at least one instance but may contain more, mostly for reasons of sizing and performance. In a system with multiple instances, load balancing mechanisms ensure that the load is spread evenly over the available application servers.Installations of the Web Application Server
SAP Web Application Server
SAP NetWeaver Application Server is a component of the NetWeaver solution which works as a web application server to SAP solutions. From the SAP point of view the Web AS is the foundation on which most of their product range runs....
(landscapes) typically consist of three systems: one for development, one for testing and quality assurance, and one for production. The landscape may contain more systems, e.g. separate systems for unit testing and pre-production testing, or it may contain fewer, e.g. only development and production, without separate QA; nevertheless three is the most common configuration. ABAP programs are created and undergo first testing in the development system. Afterwards they are distributed to the other systems in the landscape. These actions take place under control of the Change and Transport System (CTS), which is responsible for concurrency control (e.g. preventing two developers from changing the same code at the same time), version management and deployment of programs on the QA and production systems.
The Web Application Server
SAP Web Application Server
SAP NetWeaver Application Server is a component of the NetWeaver solution which works as a web application server to SAP solutions. From the SAP point of view the Web AS is the foundation on which most of their product range runs....
consists of three layers: the database layer, the application layer and the presentation layer. These layers may run on the same or on different physical machines. The database layer contains the relational database and the database software. The application layer knowledge contains the instance or instances of the system. All application processes, including the business transactions and the ABAP development, run on the application layer. The presentation layer handles the interaction with users of the system. Online access to ABAP application servers can go via a proprietary graphical interface, which is called "SAP GUI", or via a Web browser.
Authentication into ABAP systems
There are four common approaches for authentication into ABAP systems:- Usernames and passwords
- SAP Logon TicketSAP Logon TicketSAP Logon Tickets represent user credentials in SAP systems. When enabled, users can access multiple SAP applications and services through SAPgui and web browsers without further username and password inputs from the user...
- Secure Network CommunicationsSecure Network CommunicationsSecure Network Communications is a software layer in the SAP system architecture that enables the use of stronger authentication, encryption and single sign-on mechanism. SAP provides SNC for server to server communications only...
- Single Sign-OnSingle sign-onSingle sign-on is a property of access control of multiple related, but independent software systems. With this property a user logs in once and gains access to all systems without being prompted to log in again at each of them...
Transactions
A transaction in SAP terminology is the execution of a program. The normal way of executing ABAP code in the SAP system is by entering a transaction code (for instance, VA01 is the transaction code for "Create Sales Order"). Transactions can be called via system-defined or user-specific, role-based menus. They can also be started by entering the transaction code directly into a command field, which is present in every SAP screen. Transactions can also be invoked programmatically by means of the ABAP statements CALL TRANSACTION and LEAVE TO TRANSACTION.The term "transaction" must not be misunderstood here; in the context just described, a transaction simply means calling and executing an ABAP program. In application programming, "transaction" often refers to an indivisible operation on data, which is either committed as a whole or undone (rolled back) as a whole. This concept exists in SAP and is called as a LUW (Logical Unit of Work). In the course of one transaction (program execution), there can be different LUWs. Transaction for ABAP Workbench could be invoked using transaction code SE80 to work on all ABAP related activities
Types of ABAP programs
As in other programming languages, an ABAP program is either an executable unit or a library, which provides reusable code to other programs and is not independently executable.ABAP distinguishes two types of executable programs:
- Report
- Module pools
Reports follow a relatively simple programming model whereby a user optionally enters a set of parameters (e.g. a selection over a subset of data) and the program then uses the input parameters to produce a report in the form of an interactive list. The term "report" can be somewhat misleading in that reports can also be designed to modify data; the reason why these programs are called reports is the "list-oriented" nature of the output they produce.
Module pools define more complex patterns of user interaction using a collection of screens. The term “screen” refers to the actual, physical image that the user sees. Each screen also has a “flow logic”, which refers to the ABAP code implicitly invoked by the screens. Each screen has its own flow logic, which is divided into a "PBO" (Process Before Output) and "PAI" (Process After Input) section. In SAP documentation the term “dynpro” (dynamic program) refers to the combination of the screen and its flow logic.
The non-executable program types are:
- INCLUDE modules
- Subroutine pools
- Function groups
- Object classes
- Interfaces
- Type pools
An INCLUDE module gets included at generation time into the calling unit; it is often used to subdivide very large programs. Subroutine pools contain ABAP subroutines (blocks of code enclosed by FORM/ENDFORM statements and invoked with PERFORM). Function groups are libraries of self-contained function modules (enclosed by FUNCTION/ENDFUNCTION and invoked with CALL FUNCTION). Object classes and interfaces are similar to Java classes and interfaces; the first define a set of methods and attributes, the second contain "empty" method definitions, for which any class implementing the interface must provide explicit code. Type pools define collections of data types and constants.
ABAP Workbench
The ABAP Workbench contains different tools for editing programs. The most important of these are (transaction codes are shown in parentheses):- ABAP Editor for writing and editing reports, module pools, includes and subroutine pools (SE38)
- ABAP Dictionary for processing database table definitions and retrieving global types (SE11)
- Menu Painter for designing the user interface (menu bar, standard toolbar, application toolbar, function key assignment) (SE41)
- Screen Painter for designing screens and flow logic (SE51)
- Function Builder for function modules (SE37)
- Class Builder for ABAP Objects classes and interfaces (SE24)
The Object Navigator (transaction SE80) provides a single integrated interface into these various tools.
ABAP Dictionary
The ABAP Dictionary contains all metadata about the data in the SAP system. It is closely linked with the ABAP Workbench in that any reference to data (e.g. a table, view, data type, etc.) will be obtained from the dictionary. Developers use the ABAP Dictionary transactions (directly or through the SE80 Object Navigator inside the ABAP Workbench) to display and maintain this metadata.When a dictionary object is changed, a program that references the changed object will automatically reference the new version the next time the program runs. Because ABAP is interpreted, it is not necessary to recompile programs that reference changed dictionary objects.
A brief description of the most important types of dictionary objects follows:
- Tables are data containers that exist in the underlying relational database. In the majority of cases there is a 1-to-1 relationship between the definition of a table in the ABAP Dictionary and the definition of that same table in the database (same name, same columns). These tables are known as "transparent". There are two types of non-transparent tables: "pooled" tables exist as independent entities in the ABAP Dictionary but they are grouped together in large physical tables ("pools") at the database level. Pooled tables are often small tables holding for example configuration data. "Clustered" tables are physically grouped in "clusters" based on their primary keys; for instance, assume that a clustered table H contains "header" data about sales invoices, whereas another clustered table D holds the invoice line items. Each row of H would then be physically grouped with the related rows from D inside a "cluster table" in the database. This type of clustering, which is designed to improve performance, also exists as native functionality in some, though not all, relational database systems.
- Indexes provide accelerated access to table data for often used selection conditions. Every SAP table has a "primary index", which is created implicitly along with the table and is used to enforce primary key uniqueness. Additional indexes (unique or non-unique) may be defined; these are called "secondary indexes".
- Views have the same purpose as in the underlying database: they define subsets of columns (and/or rows) from one or - using a join condition - several tables. View is actually a virtual table which does not contain data physically. Views take very short memory space in database because the views contain only the definition of data.
- Structures are complex data types consisting of multiple fields (comparable to struct in C/C++).
- Data elements provide the semantic content for a table or structure field. For example, dozens of tables and structures might contain a field giving the price (of a finished product, raw material, resource, ...). All these fields could have the same data element "PRICE".
- Domains define the structural characteristics of a data element. For example, the data element PRICE could have an assigned domain that defines the price as a numeric field with two decimals. Domains can also carry semantic content in providing a list of possible values. For example, a domain "BOOLEAN" could define a field of type "character" with length 1 and case-insensitive, but would also restrict the possible values to "T" (true) or "F" (false).
- Search helps (successors to the now obsolete "matchcodes") provide advanced search strategies when a user wants to see the possible values for a data field. The ABAP runtime provides implicit assistance (by listing all values for the field, e.g. all existing customer numbers) but search helps can be used to refine this functionality, e.g. by providing customer searches by geographical location, credit rating, etc.
- Lock objects implement application-level locking when changing data.
ABAP syntax
This brief description of the ABAP syntax begins inevitably with the ubiquitous "Hello World" program."Helloworld"
REPORT TEST.
WRITE 'Hello World'.
This example contains two statements: REPORT and WRITE. The program displays a list on the screen. In this case, the list consists of the single line "Hello World". The REPORT statement indicates that this program is a report. An alternative statement, PROGRAM, would be used for a module pool.
Formatting rules
The basic formatting rules of ABAP are simple:- Every ABAP statement must end in a period
- Tokens within a statement must be separated by at least one space
- An end of line is equivalent to a space
- Statements and keywords are not case-sensitive
The "Hello World" program could be legally rewritten as follows:
REPORT tESt. WRITE
'Hello World' .
To ensure that code is readable, the ABAP editor provides a "Pretty Printer" function, which takes care of proper indentation. The Pretty Printer also offers a choice between several models of case standardization (all upper case, all lower case, upper case for statements/keywords, upper case for variable names).
If a text literal in an ABAP statement extends across more than one line, then a ‘&’ character must be used to combine a succession of text literals into a single one. Example:
USERPROMPT = 'Please double-click on a line in the output list ' &
'to see the complete details of the transaction.'.
The rule that tokens must be separated by at least one space extends even to operators, parentheses and other symbols. For example the following code is incorrect:
X=(A+B)-(C+2).
The variable names (X, A, B, C), the numeric constant 2, the operators "=", "+" and "-" and the parentheses must all be white-space delimited. The correct code is:
X = ( A + B ) - ( C + 2 ).
Chained statements
Consecutive statements with an identical first (leftmost) part can be combined into a "chained" statement using the chain operator ":" (colon). The common part of the statements is written to the left of the colon, the differing parts are written to the right of the colon and separated by commas. The colon operator is attached directly to the preceding token, without a space (the same applies to the commas in the token list on the right, as can be seen in the examples below).Chaining is very often used in WRITE statements. WRITE accepts just one argument, so if for instance you wanted to display three fields from a structure called FLIGHTINFO, you would have to code:
WRITE FLIGHTINFO-CITYFROM.
WRITE FLIGHTINFO-CITYTO.
WRITE FLIGHTINFO-AIRPTO.
Chaining the statements results in a more readable and more intuitive form:
WRITE: FLIGHTINFO-CITYFROM, FLIGHTINFO-CITYTO, FLIGHTINFO-AIRPTO.
In a chain statement, the first part (before the colon) is not limited to the statement name alone. The entire common part of the consecutive statements can be placed before the colon. Example:
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO LASTNAME.
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO FIRSTNAME.
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO CITYNAME.
could be rewritten in chained form as:
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' INTO: LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME, CITYNAME.
Comments
ABAP has 2 ways of defining text as a commentComment (computer programming)
In computer programming, a comment is a programming language construct used to embed programmer-readable annotations in the source code of a computer program. Those annotations are potentially significant to programmers but typically ignorable to compilers and interpreters. Comments are usually...
:
- An asteriskAsteriskAn asterisk is a typographical symbol or glyph. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often pronounce it as star...
(*) in the leftmost column of a line makes the entire line a comment - A double quotation mark (") anywhere on a line makes the rest of that line a comment
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- Program: BOOKINGS **
- Author: Joe Byte, 07-Jul-2007 **
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REPORT BOOKINGS.
- Read flight bookings from the database
SELECT * FROM FLIGHTINFO
WHERE CLASS = 'Y' "Y = economy
OR CLASS = 'C'. "C = business
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Data types and variables
ABAP provides a set of built-in data types. In addition, every structure, table, view or data element defined in the ABAP Dictionary can be used to type a variable. Also, object classes and interfaces can be used as types.| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Integer (4-bytes) |
| P | Packed decimal |
| F | Floating point |
| N | Character numeric |
| C | Character |
| D | Date |
| T | Time |
| X | Hexadecimal (raw byte) |
| STRING | Variable-length string |
| XSTRING | Variable-length raw byte array |
Date variables or constants (type D) contain the number of days since January 1, AD 1. Time variables or constants (type T) contain the number of seconds since midnight. A special characteristic of both types is that they can be accessed both as integers and as character strings (with internal format "YYYYMMDD" for dates and "hhmmss" for times), which makes date/time handling very easy. For example, the code snippet below calculates the last day of the previous month (note: SY-DATUM is a system-defined variable containing the current date):
DATA LAST_EOM TYPE D. "last end-of-month date
- Start from today's date
LAST_EOM = SY-DATUM.
- Set characters 6 and 7 (0-relative) of the YYYYMMDD string to "01",
- giving the first day of the current month
LAST_EOM+6(2) = '01'.
- Subtract one day
LAST_EOM = LAST_EOM - 1.
WRITE: 'Last day of previous month was', LAST_EOM.
All ABAP variables must be explicitly declared
Declaration (computer science)
In programming languages, a declaration specifies the identifier, type, and other aspects of language elements such as variables and functions. It is used to announce the existence of the element to the compiler; this is important in many strongly-typed languages that require variables and their...
in order to be used. Normally all declarations are placed at the top of the code module (program, subroutine, function) before the first executable statement; this placement is a convention and not an enforced syntax rule. The declaration consists of the name, type, length (where applicable), additional modifiers (e.g. the number of implied decimals for a packed decimal field) and optionally an initial value:
- Primitive types:
DATA: COUNTER TYPE I,
VALIDITY TYPE I VALUE 60,
TAXRATE(3) TYPE P DECIMALS 1,
LASTNAME(20) TYPE C,
DESCRIPTION TYPE STRING.
- Dictionary types:
DATA: ORIGIN TYPE COUNTRY.
- Internal table:
DATA: T_FLIGHTS TYPE TABLE OF FLIGHTINFO,
T_LOOKUP TYPE HASHED TABLE OF FLT_LOOKUP.
- Objects:
DATA: BOOKING TYPE REF TO CL_FLT_BOOKING.
Notice the use of the colon to chain together consecutive DATA statements.
ABAP Objects
The ABAP language supports object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm using "objects" – data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction,...
, through a feature known as "ABAP Objects". This helps to simplify applications and make them more controllable.
ABAP Objects is fully compatible with the existing language, so one can use existing statements and modularization units in programs that use ABAP Objects, and can also use ABAP Objects in existing ABAP programs. Syntax checking is stronger in ABAP Objects programs, and some syntactical forms (usually older ones) of certain statements are not permitted.
ABAP statements – an overview
In contrast with languages like C/C++ or Java, which define a limited set of language-specific statements and provide most functionality via libraries, ABAP contains an extensive body of built-in statements. These statements often support many options, which explains why ABAP programs look "verbose", especially when compared with programs written in C, C++ or Java.This section lists some of the most important statements in the language, subdivided by function. Both the statements listed here and the subdivision used are fairly arbitrary and by no means exhaustive.
Declarative statements
These statements define data types or declare data objects which are used by the other statements in a program or routine. The collected declarative statements in a program or routine make up its declaration part.Examples of declarative statements:
TYPES, DATA, CONSTANTS, PARAMETERS, SELECT-OPTIONS, TABLES
Modularization statements
These statements define the processing blocks in an ABAP program.The modularization statements can be further divided into event statements and defining statements:
Event statements
These are used to define the beginning of event processing blocks. There are no special statements to mark the end of such blocks - they end when the next processing block is introduced.
Examples of event keywords are:
INITIALIZATION,AT SELECTION SCREEN OUTPUT,AT SELECTION SCREEN ON FIELD, AT SELECTION SCREEN ON BLOCK,
AT SELECTION SCREEN, START-OF-SELECTION,END-OF-SELECTION, AT USER-COMMAND, AT LINE-SELECTION
Defining statements
These statements delineate callable code units such as subroutines, function modules and methods. The statement marking the end of the unit has the name of the opening statement prefixed with "END".
Examples of defining keywords:
FORM ..... ENDFORM, FUNCTION ... ENDFUNCTION,
MODULE ... ENDMODULE, METHOD ... ENDMETHOD
Control statements
These statements control the flow of the program within a processing block.Statements controlling conditional execution are:
IF ... ELSEIF ... ELSE ... ENDIF
CASE ... ENDCASE
CHECK
The CHECK statement verifies a condition and exits the current processing block (e.g. loop or subroutine) if the condition is not satisfied.
Several statements exist to define a loop:
DO ... ENDDO
WHILE ... ENDWHILE
LOOP ... ENDLOOP
DO/ENDDO defines an unconditional loop. An exit condition (typically in the form "IF
WHILE/ENDWHILE defines a conditional loop. The condition is tested at the beginning of the loop.
LOOP/ENDLOOP loops over the lines of an internal table. The loop ends after processing the last line of the internal table.
Call statements
These statements call processing blocks defined using the corresponding modularization statements. The blocks can either be in the same ABAP program or in a different program.Examples of call keywords:
PERFORM, CALL METHOD, CALL TRANSACTION, CALL SCREEN, SUBMIT, LEAVE TO transaction
Operational statements
These statements retrieve or modify the contents of variables.A first group of operational statements assign or change a variable:
MOVE, ADD, SUBTRACT, DIVIDE
These statements, whose syntax originates in COBOL, can be written in a shorter form that uses operators rather than keywords:
MOVE LASTNAME TO RECIPIENT.
- is equivalent to
RECIPIENT = LASTNAME.
ADD TAX TO PRICE.
- is equivalent to
PRICE = PRICE + TAX.
Examples of operational statements on character strings:
SEARCH, REPLACE, CONCATENATE, CONDENSE
Database access statements (Open SQL):
SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MODIFY
Statements working on internal tables (notice that some "SQL" statements can also be used here):
READ TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MODIFY, SORT, DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES, APPEND, CLEAR, REFRESH, FREE
Formatting statements
These statements produce or format output. They appear mainly in reports, less so in module pools. Examples are:WRITE, FORMAT, SKIP, ULINE, MESSAGE, NEW-PAGE, FREE
Internal tables in ABAP
Internal tables are an extremely important feature of the ABAP language and merit being explained at some length. An internal table would be defined as a vector of structs in C++ or a vector of objects in Java. The main difference with these languages is that ABAP provides a collection of statements to easily access and manipulate the contents of internal tables. It should be noted that ABAP does not support arrays; the only way to define a multi-element data object is to use an internal table.See also
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