1948 in Pakistan
Encyclopedia
Events
- Widespread violence and massacres of MuslimMuslimA Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
s, Hindus and Sikhs - Nearly 10 million people migrate to PakistanPakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
and IndiaIndiaIndia , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. MuslimMuslimA Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
s immigrate to PakistanPakistanPakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
while HinduHinduHindu refers to an identity associated with the philosophical, religious and cultural systems that are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. As used in the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" is also attributed to all persons professing any Indian religion...
s and SikhSikhA Sikh is a follower of Sikhism. It primarily originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region of South Asia. The term "Sikh" has its origin in Sanskrit term शिष्य , meaning "disciple, student" or शिक्ष , meaning "instruction"...
s emigrate to IndiaIndiaIndia , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
.
January
- January 7, Karachi remains the scene of sectarian massacre for a second day. The killings began yesterday with an attack on the Sikh train from the interior Sindh. Hindu and Sikh quarters have been looted, and many suspect high officials to have received shares in the booty
- January 11, Lahore: Trade Union meeting; a central labour organisation formed – Faiz Ahmad Faiz among its members
- January 16, According to a Hindustan TimesHindustan TimesHindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the Indian independence movement of the period ....
report published this month, some 10,00,000 out of the total 12,00,000 non-Muslim population of Sindh have already arrived in India, and the exodus is still on. The Muslim League provincial government of Mr. Ayub Khuhro, and the bureaucracy, are accused of high-handedness and of not fulfilling promises made by Jinnah and Liaquat. - January 17, UN adopts a resolution to set up a Commission of international members on Kashmir.
- January 18, Ayub Khuro, CM, against more immigrants to Sindh
- January 29, SC, UNO decrees plebiscite in Kashmir
Jinnah's condolence message on the death of Gandhi:
- January 30,
I am shocked to learn of the most dastardly attack on the life of Mr. Gandhi, resulting in his death. There can be no controversy in the face of death.
Whatever our political differences, he was one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community, and a leader who commanded their universal confidence and respect.
I wish to express my deep sorrow, and sincerely sympathize with the great Hindu community and his family in their bereavement at this momentous, historical and critical juncture so soon after the birth of freedom and freedom for Hindustan and Pakistan.
The loss to the Dominion of India is irreparable, and it will be very difficult to fill the vacuum created by the passing away of such a great man at this moment."
- January 31, Govt offices closed as Pakistan mourns Gandhi, assassinated yesterday
- January 17, Sir Zafrullah pleads Pakistan’s case in the UNO Security Council
February
- Febraury1-7, The number of women abducted during the riots that marked independence amounts to hundreds of thousands. Both countries have promised to take effective measures in this regard but not much has materialised. It is feared that the abducted women have mostly been sold to prostitution rackets and some even suspect patronage of senior officials. Meanwhile, the violence continues on both sides of the border.
- February 4, Jang turns into a 6-page daily
- February 23-Mar 26, Constituent Assembly sessions (22 sittings)
- February 28, Karachi. Finance Minister Ghulam Mohammad presented the country's first annual budget - an event that did not appear a certainty until a few days ago. The timely loan of 20 Crore Rupees by the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the release of Pakistan's share in the central assets by India through the late Gandhi's intervention have saved Pakistan from going bankrupt in its very first months.
March
- March 1, A new ministry has been created to organise and direct the economy on sound and scientific lines. Separate from the Ministry of Finance, the new portfolio will be called the Ministry of Economic Affairs
- March 22, Naqoosh, new Urdu literary quarterly launched; Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi and Hajira Masroor compile the first issue
April
- April, 1 Raj currency imprinted “Govt of Pakistan”; new currency notes for Rs.1 and coins issued
- April, 1 Government of Pakistan accuses the East Punjab in India to have cut off its water supply to the Central Bari Doab Canal System, the Dipalpur Canal System, and the Bahawalpur Doab Canal System.
- April 21, UN adopts a resolution for KashmirKashmirKashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range...
. Pakistan finds it more favorable to India than the earlier drafts, but the resolution reiterates the principle of plebiscite nevertheless. - April 26, Karachi. Charges of corruption lead to dismissal of Sindh CM Ayub Khuro by Governor Hidayatullah on Quaid’s instruction.
May
- 1 May Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir region. The Pakistani-captured third was known as Azad Jammu and Kashmir, while India occupied the eastern two-thirds now called Jammu and KashmirJammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the...
by the Indians while Pakistanis and KashmirisKashmiri peopleThe Kashmiri people are a Dardic linguistic group living in Kashmir Valley in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and parts of the Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir who speak the Kashmiri language...
alike call it Bharati Maqbuza Kashmir in UrduUrduUrdu is a register of the Hindustani language that is identified with Muslims in South Asia. It belongs to the Indo-European family. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also widely spoken in some regions of India, where it is one of the 22 scheduled languages and an...
(مقبوضہ کشمیر). - May 4, Malik Ghulam Mohammad, the Finance Minister of Pakistan, declares that the treaty he has signed on the 4th of this month in Delhi was forced upon him by the Indian Government. Following the Indus Basin Water Dispute which started on 1 April this year, a delegation of Pakistani representatives had gone to Delhi a few days ago with the proposal that the two governments should submit their differences to the International Court of Justice. This was not acceptable to India and after special intervention of the GG Lord Mountbatten and PM Nehru a statement was signed between the later and the Pakistani Finance Minister, who was leading the delegation.
The statement declares that the two governments are eager to approach the problem in a practical spirit, and India will only progressively diminish the supply of water in order to allow sufficient time for the Government of West Pakistan to make alternate arrangements. The statement announces that the water is being restored to West Pakistan but Pakistan is required to deposit an escrow sum as may be specified by the PM of India. Ghulam Mohammad has accused the Prime Minister Nehru of high-handedness, saying that Nehru told him to sign the statement without negotiations as a condition for restoring the waters.
July
- July 1, State Bank of PakistanState Bank of PakistanThe State Bank of Pakistan is the central bank of Pakistan. While its constitution, as originally laid down in the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, remained basically unchanged until January 1, 1974, when the bank was nationalized, the scope of its functions was considerably enlarged...
inaugurated by the Quaid - July 6, The Ministry of States and Frontier Regions has been created by the Quaid-e-Azam to deal with the affairs of the tribal territories of the North-West Frontier ProvinceNorth-West Frontier ProvinceKhyber Pakhtunkhwa , formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country...
, the Balochistan tribal areas adjoining Dera Ghazi Khan DistrictDera Ghazi Khan DistrictDera Ghazi Khan is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The district covers an area of 5,306 m² and it is a long narrow strip of country, 198 m...
of West PunjabWest PunjabWest Punjab was a province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of 160,622 km², including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province...
, the excluded areas and the princely states. The ministry will function under the direct control, guidance and direction of the Quaid-e-Azam - July 9, A set of 4 postage stamps issued: Abdur Rahman Chughtai designs Re.1 stamp and folder
- July 27, Less than a year since their partition, the two countries are formally engaged in a war over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
- July 30, Fatima JinnahFatima JinnahFatima Jinnah , was one of the figurative and pioneering woman figure in Pakistan Movement and was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. An active political figure in the movement for independence from the British Raj, she is commonly known in Pakistan as Khātūn-e...
is aware of her birthday, and is observed for the first time, since independence; the nation refers her to the titles of "Mother of the Nation" and Khatoon-I-Pakistan.
August
- August 8. First Pakistani movie, Teri Yaad opens at Parbhat, Lahore. Asha Posley, Nasir Khan (right) who is Dilip Kumar's brother, stars in Daud Chand directed production of Divan Sardari Lal with music from Nath
- August 13, The UN Commission on Kashmir, after visiting India and Pakistan, adopts a resolution. Cease-fire is demanded, which will be followed by a plebiscite.
- August 14, Karachi Radio Station inaugurated in tent studios at Queens Rd., Karachi, as Pakistanis mark their 1st anniversary.
September
- Sep 11, Karachi. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah passed away this morning. His funeral will take place on a small hill on Bunder Road, near Guru Mandir, just outside the federal capital Karachi. Radio Karachi will broadcast a running commentary on the funeral which is also likely to be attended by the Quaid's estranged daughter Dina, who has refused to live in the state founded by her father.
Demise of Jinnah whose unassailable personal integrity was the cornerstone of Pakistan's present regime is an irreplacable national loss at this early moment, especially given that no consitutional framework for the future could be finalised.
The last days of Jinnah were rather strained. Forced by his failing health to take rest in his official refuge at Ziarat (Balochistan), he was rather too far away from the federal capital where his subordinates seemed to be less than efficient in so many ways.
- Sep 13, PM Liaquat Ali Khan takes over the portfolio of States and Frontier Regions from the Governor-General.
- Sep 14, Karachi. "On the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan," reads the royal decree issued by King George VI of England, "His Majesty the King is pleased to appoint Khwaja Nazimuddin as Acting Governor-General of Pakistan in the vacancy occasioned by the sad demise of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah." Since Pakistan has still not been decared a republic by its Constituent Assembly, it retains it dominion status and the Governor-General is formally appointed by His Majesty.
Khawaja Nazimuddin, a senior politician from East Bengal took oath as the acting Governor-General today. He was called from the East Bengal province soon after the death of Quaid-i-Azam, and reached barely in time to attend the funeral on the 12th.
The following is the text of the Governor-General's oath: "I, Khawaja Nazimuddin, do solemnly affirm true faith and allegiance to the constitution of Pakistan as by law established, and that I will be faithful to His Majesty King George VI, his heirs, and successors in the office of the Governor-General of Pakistan."
- Sep 14, Nurul Amin becomes Prime Minister of East Bengal
- Sep 15, GG Nazimuddin makes his first broadcast speech: "There is no one better qualified in Pakistan than our Prime Minister, Liaquat, to lead the country along the path marked out by the Quaid-i-Azam."
- Sep 17, India. Hyderabad (Deccan) has fallen to Indian forces after 4-day resistance. For Pakistan, it was a lost case since the beginning: the majority of the population was Hindu, and the land was surrounded by the Indian Dominion on all sides. However, the ruler was a Muslim, and the Muslims of Pakistan had a sentimental attachment with the historic state of Hyderabad (Deccan). Morever, the ruler had tried to help Pakistan with financial support.
India was just as touchy about Hyderabad as Pakistan is about Kashmir, and the "iron man of India" Sardar Patel indicated many times to the Pakistani Premier Nehru that if Pakistan relents in the case of Hyderabad India might reciprocate the gesture on the issue of Kashmir. However, Laiquat and the Pakistani ruling elite did not relent, and now with the chance of winning Kashmir in a barter is also lost forever.
October
- October 1, LahoreLahoreLahore is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich and fabulous history dating back to over a thousand years ago, Lahore is no doubt Pakistan's cultural capital. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains a...
: The departure of Choudhary Rehmat Ali KhanChoudhary Rahmat AliChoudhry Rahmat Ali was a Pakistani Muslim nationalist who was one of the earliest proponents of the creation of the state of Pakistan. He is credited with creating the name "Pakistan" for a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia and is generally known as the founder of the movement for its...
from the country he named on January 28, 1933 relieves the Government of a severe headache. The Cambridge-based pamphleteer had been voicing his dissatisfaction with the creation of Pakistan ever since his arrival in Lahore on April 6. Unhappy over a smaller Pakistan than the one he had conceived in his 1933 pamphlet "Now Or Never", his criticism was beginning to raise alarm while his claims of contribution to the Pakistan MovementPakistan MovementThe Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan refers to the historical movement to have an independent Muslim state named Pakistan created from the separation of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, partitioned within or outside the British Indian Empire. It had its origins in the...
were interpreted by his critics as boasts of being the real founder of Pakistan. "On his arrival in this country Chaudhri Rahmat Ali has expressed his intention of launching a Pakistan National Liberation Movement with the object of securing a repudiation of the June 3 Plan, 'by agreement if possible and without agreement if necessary'..." (The Pakistan Times, May 22) Consequently, Rahmat Ali was denied a Pakistani passport, and later told to leave the country. - October 22, Majeed Lahori starts satirical column ‘Harf-o-Hikayat’ in Jang. October 1 Govt of Pakistan has issued its first set of currency notes: Rs. 5, 10 & 100
London Olympics 1948
December
- December 14, Maulvi Tameezuddin elected President of Constituent Assembly in the first session since the Quaid’s demise.
- December 15-30 Constituent Assembly sessions (10 sittings) and the officially appointed Bari Committee has stated in the recently published Report on Agricultural Reforms in Sindh: Feudal lords are the best friends of the peasants, who only repay their saviours with ingratitude! Masud Khaddarposh has written a socialist note of dissent, which has been withheld from the printed text of the Report.
The officially appointed Bari Committee has stated in the recently published Report on Agricultural Reforms in Sindh: Feudal lords are the best friends of the peasants, who only repay their saviours with ingratitude!
Masud Khaddarposh has written a socialist note of dissent, which has been witheld from the printed text of the Report.
The Thal Project, recenty conceived to irrigate the Thal desert region in Punjab through a specially built Jinnah Barrage on River Indus at Kalabagh is perhaps the first major developmental project of the new country.
See also
- 1947 in Pakistan1947 in Pakistan-August:* Jinnah and his sister arrive on August 7, at the Mauripur Airport from New Delhi.* Muslim member of Partition Committee, Chaudhri Muhammad Ali comes to Karachi on August 9, for a one-day visit for Jinnah's approval on Patel's proposal for debt settlement...
- Other events of 1948
- 1949 in Pakistan1949 in Pakistan-January:* 1 January - The UN brokered a cease-fire in Kashmir. It granted Kashmir the right to vote on whether to join Pakistan or India.-See also:* 1948 in Pakistan* Other events of 1949* 1950 in Pakistan* Timeline of Pakistani history...
- Timeline of Pakistani historyTimeline of Pakistani historyAlthough, the land of Indus, as a state gained independence on August 14, 1947, it has a very long history that goes back over thousands of years and it is one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited regions. The Indus Valley was known as Meluhha in Mesopotamia when the Harappan civilization...