English

Etymology 1

Noun

1. A (usually) metal fastener consisting of a cylindrical body that is threaded, with a larger head on one end. It can be inserted into an unthreaded hole up to the head, with a nut then threaded on the other end; a heavy machine screw.
2. A sliding pin or bar in a lock or latch mechanism.
   • 1908: Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows

     There was the noise of a bolt shot back, and the door opened a few inches, enough to show a long snout and a pair of sleepy blinking eyes.

3. A bar of wood or metal dropped in horizontal hooks on a door and adjoining wall or between the two sides of a double door, to prevent the door(s) from being forced open.
4. A sliding mechanism to chamber and unchamber a cartridge in a firearm.
5. A shaft or missile intended to be shot from a crossbow or a catapult, especially a short, stout arrow.
6. A lightning spark, i.e., a lightning bolt.
7. A sudden event.

   The problem's solution struck him like a bolt from the blue.

8. A large roll of fabric or similar material, as a bolt of cloth.
9. The standard linear measurement of canvas for use at sea: 39 yards.

Verb

1. To connect or assemble pieces using a bolt.

   Bolt the vice to the bench.

2. To secure a door by locking or barring it.

   Bolt the door.

3. To flee, to depart, to accelerate suddenly.

   Seeing the snake, the horse bolted.

   The actor forgot his line and bolted from the stage.

4. To escape.
5. Of a plant, to grow quickly; to go to seed.

   Lettuce and spinach will bolt as the weather warms up.

6. To swallow food without chewing it.
   • 1859 Darwin, Charles, The Origin of Species, ch 11, p 362:

     Some hawks and owls bolt their prey whole, and after an interval of from twelve to twenty hours disgorge pellets.

7. To drink one's drink very quickly; to down a drink.

   Come on everyone - bolt your drinks; I want to go to the next pub!

Etymology 2