Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo
Encyclopedia
Angel Ossorio y Gallardo (b. Madrid, June 20, 1873 - d. Buenos Aires, May 19, 1946) was a liberal Catholic Spanish lawyer and statesman. He first came to political prominence as leader of the Partido Social Popular. Inspired by Luigi Sturzo
's Italian People's Party, the PSP was founded in 1922 but broke up after Primo de Rivera
's coup of 1923. He served as Minister of Development during the reign of Alfonso XIII. He became estranged from the king following Alfonso's appointment of Primo de Rivera in 1923, though he was not a republican, in 1930 defining himself as a 'monarchist without a king.' Severino Aznar, a leading social catholic theorist , sympathetic to Ossorio, believed his position an impossible one : on the left Ossorio would be 'nothing more than a prisoner', while conservatives continued to see him as a leftist who would 'agitate the pure and calm waters of the right'.
.
In July 1909, while serving as the governor of the province of Barcelona, Tragic Week broke, in which he was opposed to using the army to end the strike occupying Barcelona finally to flee by sea. (The flashpoint was conscription which was well known to be avoidable for those with influence and money. When a party of conscripts boarded ships owned by the Marques de Comillas, a noted Catholic industrialist, en route for an unpopular war in Morocco
the soldiers had been accompanied by the Royal March, and religious medals distributed by pious, well dressed ladies. As the crowd jeered and whistled, emblems of the Sacred Heart were thrown into the sea. A week of antiwar protests followed - 104 civilians died during the Tragic Week and only 9 policemen and soldiers. Ossorio y Gallardo commented: " In Barcelona a revolution does not have to be prepared, for the simple reason that it is always prepared." ) The government of Antonio Maura replaced him with Evaristo Crespo Azorín
. His experiences during these tragic events were reflected in his book Barcelona, julio de 1909 (1910). Then he led the Social Popular Party which José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones
joined in 1922.
, when he moved away from politics.
In the three elections held during the Second Spanish Republic
, which he strongly supported, because, despite his monarchical ideas he explicitly called for the abdication of Alfonso XIII declaring himself a "monarchist without a King at the service of the Republic." He was appointed president of the juridical commission charged with drawing up a first constitutional draft for the new republican regime. This document turned out to be cautious and proposed complicated governmental structures. Not only was there to be a 'corporative' second chamber, intended to act as 'a reflective and moderating influence' but also further senatorial restraint on the executive in the form of a permanent consultative commission on legislation. Finished in July 1931, it was abandoned shortly afterwards. It won little favour on the left who saw it as excessively legalistic and cerebral, and as failing to capture the mood of the nation, and it was never even debated in the Constituent Cortes. That it was not liked by the left did nothing to make Ossorio's proposals appeal to those on the right, particularly amongst his fellow Catholics. Angel Herrera Oria
's El Debate confessed to serious reservations. Though Ossorio's draft was not hostile to the Church - certainly not when compared with what was to come in the constitution itself - El Debate took the proposed introduction of freedom of worship, together with the designation of the Church as an institution of public law, as evidence of 'a spirit, which is threateningly laic, atheist, almost pagan, areligious.' Its gravest defect was its ' democratic-parliamentary prejudice' which would be ' corrosive'. According to the paper, 'no man of a certain intellectual level ignores the fact that, in Spain, it is necessary to preach not liberty and democracy but authority and a spirit of social discipline and obedience.' Ossorio's rejected draft was quickly replaced by a much more radical document. In the elections of June 28, 1931, he was chosen by Madrid in the self-denomination of Candidate in Support of the Republic obtaining one of the seats reserved for minorities.
As a Catholic republican he argued in 1931 that while Church-State relations were a matter for concern, there was no reason to fear the republican government. He also denied the imminent danger of a communist threat. Following the events of 11 May 1931 when convents were burned in Madrid and elsewhere, Ossorio said he believed they were likely to have been the work of monarchist agents provocateurs, a theory which Gil Robles
categorically denied , and he defended the minister of the interior, Miguel Maura
.
Luigi Sturzo
Don Luigi Sturzo was an Italian Catholic priest and politician. Known in his lifetime as a "clerical socialist," Sturzo is considered one of the fathers of Christian democracy. Sturzo was one of the founders of the Partito Popolare Italiano in 1919, but was forced into exile in 1924 with the rise...
's Italian People's Party, the PSP was founded in 1922 but broke up after Primo de Rivera
Primo de Rivera
Primo de Rivera is a Spanish family prominent in politics of the 19th and 20th centuries:*Fernando Primo de Rivera, Spanish politician and soldier, 1831-1921*Miguel Primo de Rivera , dictator of Spain from 23 September 1923 to 1930...
's coup of 1923. He served as Minister of Development during the reign of Alfonso XIII. He became estranged from the king following Alfonso's appointment of Primo de Rivera in 1923, though he was not a republican, in 1930 defining himself as a 'monarchist without a king.' Severino Aznar, a leading social catholic theorist , sympathetic to Ossorio, believed his position an impossible one : on the left Ossorio would be 'nothing more than a prisoner', while conservatives continued to see him as a leftist who would 'agitate the pure and calm waters of the right'.
Biography
Having earned his Bachelor of Law from the Central Madrid University, Ossorio y Gallardo won great prestige as a lawyer and writer in the early twentieth century, with works such as "The Soul of the Toga" and "Divorce in civil marriage". He chaired the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation and the Ateneo de MadridAteneo de Madrid
The Ateneo de Madrid is a private cultural institution located in the capital of Spain, originally founded in 1835. Its full name is Ateneo Científico, Literario y Artístico de Madrid .-History:The roots of the Athenæum trace to the ideals of Francophiles and liberals of the early 19th...
.
In July 1909, while serving as the governor of the province of Barcelona, Tragic Week broke, in which he was opposed to using the army to end the strike occupying Barcelona finally to flee by sea. (The flashpoint was conscription which was well known to be avoidable for those with influence and money. When a party of conscripts boarded ships owned by the Marques de Comillas, a noted Catholic industrialist, en route for an unpopular war in Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
the soldiers had been accompanied by the Royal March, and religious medals distributed by pious, well dressed ladies. As the crowd jeered and whistled, emblems of the Sacred Heart were thrown into the sea. A week of antiwar protests followed - 104 civilians died during the Tragic Week and only 9 policemen and soldiers. Ossorio y Gallardo commented: " In Barcelona a revolution does not have to be prepared, for the simple reason that it is always prepared." ) The government of Antonio Maura replaced him with Evaristo Crespo Azorín
Evaristo Crespo Azorín
Evaristo Crespo Azorín was a Spanish lawyer, politician and professor...
. His experiences during these tragic events were reflected in his book Barcelona, julio de 1909 (1910). Then he led the Social Popular Party which José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones
José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones
José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones was a prominent Spanish politician in the period leading up to the Spanish Civil War....
joined in 1922.
Parliament
Ossorio y Gallardo served a career in the Congress during the Spanish Restoration as deputy for the Caspe district of Zaragoza constituency, as a member of the Conservative Party, beginning his political career as MP for Zaragoza, a seat he obtained at subsequent elections until 1923 and the dictatorship of General Primo de RiveraPrimo de Rivera
Primo de Rivera is a Spanish family prominent in politics of the 19th and 20th centuries:*Fernando Primo de Rivera, Spanish politician and soldier, 1831-1921*Miguel Primo de Rivera , dictator of Spain from 23 September 1923 to 1930...
, when he moved away from politics.
In the three elections held during the Second Spanish Republic
Second Spanish Republic
The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco....
, which he strongly supported, because, despite his monarchical ideas he explicitly called for the abdication of Alfonso XIII declaring himself a "monarchist without a King at the service of the Republic." He was appointed president of the juridical commission charged with drawing up a first constitutional draft for the new republican regime. This document turned out to be cautious and proposed complicated governmental structures. Not only was there to be a 'corporative' second chamber, intended to act as 'a reflective and moderating influence' but also further senatorial restraint on the executive in the form of a permanent consultative commission on legislation. Finished in July 1931, it was abandoned shortly afterwards. It won little favour on the left who saw it as excessively legalistic and cerebral, and as failing to capture the mood of the nation, and it was never even debated in the Constituent Cortes. That it was not liked by the left did nothing to make Ossorio's proposals appeal to those on the right, particularly amongst his fellow Catholics. Angel Herrera Oria
Ángel Herrera Oria
Ángel Herrera Oria was a Spanish journalist, Catholic lay leader, politician and later priest, bishop and cardinal...
's El Debate confessed to serious reservations. Though Ossorio's draft was not hostile to the Church - certainly not when compared with what was to come in the constitution itself - El Debate took the proposed introduction of freedom of worship, together with the designation of the Church as an institution of public law, as evidence of 'a spirit, which is threateningly laic, atheist, almost pagan, areligious.' Its gravest defect was its ' democratic-parliamentary prejudice' which would be ' corrosive'. According to the paper, 'no man of a certain intellectual level ignores the fact that, in Spain, it is necessary to preach not liberty and democracy but authority and a spirit of social discipline and obedience.' Ossorio's rejected draft was quickly replaced by a much more radical document. In the elections of June 28, 1931, he was chosen by Madrid in the self-denomination of Candidate in Support of the Republic obtaining one of the seats reserved for minorities.
As a Catholic republican he argued in 1931 that while Church-State relations were a matter for concern, there was no reason to fear the republican government. He also denied the imminent danger of a communist threat. Following the events of 11 May 1931 when convents were burned in Madrid and elsewhere, Ossorio said he believed they were likely to have been the work of monarchist agents provocateurs, a theory which Gil Robles
José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones
José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones was a prominent Spanish politician in the period leading up to the Spanish Civil War....
categorically denied , and he defended the minister of the interior, Miguel Maura
Miguel Maura
Miguel Maura Gamazo was a Spanish politician of the first third of the twentieth century.He was a son of the leading Conservative politician of the Restoration monarchy, Antonio Maura...
.