Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)
Encyclopedia

Vapor pressure

P/(Pa) 1 10 100 200 1 k 2 k 5 k 10 k 20 k 50 k 100 k 101325
reference
1 H hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...

use (T/K) 15 20
CRC.a (T/°C) -258.6 -252.8
KAL (T/K) 10 (s) 11.4 (s) 12.2 (s) 13.4 (s) 14.5 16.0 18.2 20.3
2 He helium
Helium
Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table...

use (T/K) 3 4
CRC.b (T/°C) -270.6 -268.9
KAL (T/K) 1.3 1.66 1.85 2.17 2.48 2.87 3.54 4.22
3 Li lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly...

use (T/K) 797 885 995 1144 1337 1610
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 524.3 612.3 722.1 871.2 1064.3 1337.1
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.673 - 8310 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.061 - 8023 / (T/K)
797.4 885.4 995.3
KAL (T/K) 1040 1145 1200 1275 1345 1415 1530 1630
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 325..725 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.625 - 7480 / (T/K)
777 867 981
4 Be beryllium
Beryllium
Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl and chrysoberyl...

use (T/K) 1462 1608 1791 2023 2327 2742
CRC.b (T/°C) 1189 (s) 1335 1518 1750 2054 2469
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.048 - 17020 / (T/K) - 0.4440 log (T/K)
1461.8
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.792 - 15731 / (T/K)
1606.5 1789.2
SMI.c,g (T/K) solid, 942..1284 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.115 - 18220 / (T/K)
1504
SMI.c,g (T/K) liquid, 1284..1582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.075 - 16590 / (T/K)
1647 1828
5 B boron
Boron
Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a metalloid. Because boron is not produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust. However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the...

use (T/K) 2348 2562 2822 3141 3545 4072
CRC.b (T/°C) 2075 2289 2549 2868 3272 3799
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1052..1648 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.255 - 21370 / (T/K)
1612 1744 1899
6 C carbon
Carbon
Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds...

 (graphite)
use (T/K) 2839 3048 3289 3572 3908
CRC.h (T/°C) 2566 (s) 2775 (s) 3016 (s) 3299 (s) 3635 (s)
7 N nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere...

use (T/K) 37 41 46 53 62 77
CRC.a,d (T/°C) -236 (s) -232 (s) -226.8 (s) -220.2 (s) -211.1 (s) -195.9
KAL (T/K) 48.1 (s) 53.0 (s) 55.4 (s) 59.0 (s) 62.1 (s) 65.8 71.8 77.4
8 O oxygen
Oxygen
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition...

use (T/K) 61 73 90
CRC.a,i (T/°C) -211.9 -200.5 -183.1
KAL (T/K) 55.4 61.3 64.3 68.8 72.7 77.1 83.9 90.2
9 F fluorine
Fluorine
Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9, represented by the symbol F. It is the lightest element of the halogen column of the periodic table and has a single stable isotope, fluorine-19. At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic...

use (T/K) 38 44 50 58 69 85
CRC.a,d (T/°C) -235 (s) -229.5 (s) -222.9 (s) -214.8 -204.3 -188.3
KAL (T/K) 53 58 61 65.3 68.9 73.0 79.3 85.0
10 Ne neon
Neon
Neon is the chemical element that has the symbol Ne and an atomic number of 10. Although a very common element in the universe, it is rare on Earth. A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or...

use (T/K) 12 13 15 18 21 27
CRC.b (T/°C) -261 (s) -260 (s) -258 (s) -255 (s) -252 (s) -246.1
KAL (T/K) 16.3 (s) 18.1 (s) 19.0 (s) 20.4 (s) 21.6 (s) 22.9 (s) 24.9 27.1
11 Na sodium
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride...

use (T/K) 554 617 697 802 946 1153
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 280.6 344.2 424.3 529 673 880.2
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.304 - 5603 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 700 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.710 - 5377 / (T/K)
553.8 617.3 697.4
KAL (T/K) 729 807 846 904 954 1010 1095 1175
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 158..437 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.835 - 5480 / (T/K)
557 620 699
12 Mg magnesium
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole...

use (T/K) 701 773 861 971 1132 1361
CRC.b (T/°C) 428 (s) 500 (s) 588 (s) 698 859 1088
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 7813 / (T/K) - 0.8253 log (T/K)
700.9 772.7 861.2 892.0
KAL (T/K) 891 979 1025 1085 1140 1205 1295 1375
SMI.a (T/K) solid, 287..605 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 7741 / (T/K)
707 778 865
13 Al aluminium
Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances....

use (T/K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
CRC.b (T/°C) 1209 1359 1544 1781 2091 2517
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.465 - 17342 / (T/K) - 0.7927 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1800 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 16211 / (T/K)
1484.9 1634.7 1818.0
KAL (T/K) 1885 2060 2140 2260 2360 2430 2640 2790
SMI.c,l (T/K) liquid, 843..1465 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.115 - 15630 / (T/K)
1406 1545
14 Si silicon
Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, it is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table...

use (T/K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537
CRC.b (T/°C) 1635 1829 2066 2363 2748 3264
KAL (T/K) 2380 2590 2690 2840 2970 3100 3310 3490
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1024..1410 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.325 - 19720 / (T/K)
1600
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1410..1670 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 18550 / (T/K)
1738 1917
15 P phosphorus
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks...

 (white)
use (T/K) 279 307 342 388 453 549
CRC.c,e (T/°C) 6 (s) 34 (s) 69 115 180 276
KAL (T/K) 365 398 414 439 460 484 520.5 553.6
15 P phosphorus
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks...

 (red)
use (T/K) 455 489 529 576 635 704
CRC.b,c (T/°C) 182 (s) 216 (s) 256 (s) 303 (s) 362 (s) 431 (s)
16 S sulfur
Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element with atomic number 16. In the periodic table it is represented by the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow...

use (T/K) 375 408 449 508 591 717
CRC.c (T/°C) 102 (s) 135 176 235 318 444
KAL (T/K) 462 505.7 528.0 561.3 590.1 622.5 672.4 717.8
17 Cl chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine...

use (T/K) 128 139 153 170 197 239
CRC.a (T/°C) -145 (s) -133.7 (s) -120.2 (s) -103.6 (s) -76.1 -34.2
KAL (T/K) 158 (s) 170 (s) 176.3 187.4 197.0 207.8 224.3 239.2
18 Ar argon
Argon
Argon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table . Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide...

use (T/K) 47 53 61 71 87
CRC.a,d,l (T/°C) -226.4 (s) -220.3 (s) -212.4 (s) -201.7 (s) -186.0
KAL (T/K) 55.0 (s) 60.7 (s) 63.6 (s) 67.8 (s) 71.4 (s) 75.4 (s) 81.4 (s) 87.3
19 K potassium
Potassium
Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are...

use (T/K) 473 530 601 697 832 1029
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 200.2 256.5 328 424 559 756.2
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.967 - 4646 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.408 - 4453 / (T/K)
473.3 529.6 601.1
KAL (T/K) 633 704 740 794 841 894 975 1050
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 91..338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.485 - 4503 / (T/K)
475 531 602
20 Ca calcium
Calcium
Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...

use (T/K) 864 956 1071 1227 1443 1755
CRC.b (T/°C) 591 (s) 683 (s) 798 (s) 954 1170 1482
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.133 - 9517 / (T/K) - 1.4030 log (T/K)
864.2 956.4 1071.5 1112.0
KAL (T/K) 1105 1220 1280 1365 1440 1525 1650 1765
SMI.a (T/K) 408..817 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.425 - 9055 / (T/K)
869 961 1075
21 Sc scandium
Scandium
Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic transition metal, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids...

use (T/K) 1645 1804 (2006) (2266) (2613) (3101)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1372 (s) 1531 (s) 1733 (i) 1993 (i) 2340 (i) 2828 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.656 - 19721 / (T/K) + 0.2885 log (T/K) - 0.3663 (T/K)-3
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 17681 / (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 1058..1804 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 18570 / (T/K)
1678 1845 2049
22 Ti titanium
Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver color....

use (T/K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
CRC.b (T/°C) 1709 1898 2130 (e) 2419 2791 3285
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.931 - 24991 / (T/K) - 1.3376 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2400 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.364 - 22747 / (T/K)
2001.7 2194.8
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1134..1727 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.375 - 18640 / (T/K)
1797 1988
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1727..1965 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.105 - 20110 / (T/K)
2209
23 V vanadium
Vanadium
Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal. The formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the metal against oxidation. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature...

use (T/K) 2101 2289 2523 2814 3187 3679
CRC.b (T/°C) 1828 (s) 2016 2250 2541 2914 3406
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.750 - 27132 / (T/K) - 0.5501 log (T/K)
2099.6
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 25011 / (T/K)
2287.2 2517.5
SMI.c (T/K) 1465..2207 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.445 - 26620 / (T/K)
2139 2326
24 Cr chromium
Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable...

use (T/K) 1656 1807 1991 2223 2530 2942
CRC.b (T/°C) 1383 (s) 1534 (s) 1718 (s) 1950 2257 2669
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.806 - 20733 / (T/K) + 0.4391 log (T/K) - 0.4094 (T/K)-3
KAL (T/K) 2020 2180 2260 2370 2470 2580 2730 2870
SMI.c,l (T/K) solid, 907..1504 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 17560 / (T/K)
1463 1596 1755
25 Mn manganese
Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature , and in many minerals...

use (T/K) 1228 1347 1493 1691 1955 2333
CRC.b (T/°C) 955 (s) 1074 (s) 1220 (s) 1418 1682 2060
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.811 - 15097 / (T/K) - 1.7896 log (T/K)
1229.2 1346.6 1490.0
KAL (T/K) 1560 1710 1780 1890 1980 2080 2240 2390
SMI.c (T/K) 717..1251 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.375 - 14100 / (T/K)
1240 1359 1504
26 Fe iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...

use (T/K) 1728 1890 2091 2346 2679 3132
CRC.b (T/°C) 1455 (s) 1617 1818 2073 2406 2859
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.106 - 21723 / (T/K) + 0.4536 log (T/K) - 0.5846 (T/K)-3
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.353 - 19574 / (T/K)
1890.7 2092.8
KAL (T/K) 2110 2290 2380 2500 2610 2720 2890 3030
SMI.c,f (T/K) solid, 1094..1535 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.755 - 20000 / (T/K)
1701
SMI.c,f (T/K) liquid, 1535..1783 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.535 - 21400 / (T/K)
1855 2031
27 Co cobalt
Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal....

use (T/K) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198
CRC.b (T/°C) 1517 1687 1892 2150 2482 2925
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.982 - 22576 / (T/K) - 1.0280 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.494 - 20578 / (T/K)
1790.3 1960.9 2167.5
SMI.c (T/K) 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21960 / (T/K)
1900 2081 2298
28 Ni nickel
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile...

use (T/K) 1783 1950 2154 2410 2741 3184
CRC.b (T/°C) 1510 1677 1881 2137 2468 2911
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.563 - 22606 / (T/K) - 0.8717 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2150 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.672 - 20765 / (T/K)
1779.0 1945.7 2146.9
KAL (T/K) 2230 2410 2500 2630 2740 2860 3030 3180
SMI.c,q solid, 1157..1455 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.405 - 21840 / (T/K)
SMI.c,q (T/K) liquid, 1455..1884 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.675 - 20600 / (T/K)
1764 1930 2129
29 Cu copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...

use (T/K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836
CRC.b (T/°C) 1236 1388 1577 1816 2131 2563
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.129 - 17748 / (T/K) - 0.7317 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.855 - 16415 / (T/K)
1512.2 1665.7 1853.8
KAL (T/K) 1940 2110 2200 2320 2420 2540 2710 2860
SMI.c,f solid, 946..1083 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.935 - 18060 / (T/K)
SMI.c,f (T/K) liquid, 1083..1628 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.845 - 16580 / (T/K)
1529 1684 1875
30 Zn zinc
Zinc
Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...

use (T/K) 610 670 750 852 990 (1185)
CRC.b (T/°C) 337 (s) 397 (s) 477 579 717 912 (e)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.108 - 6776 / (T/K)
610.0 670.4
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 750 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.384 - 6286 / (T/K)
749.8
KAL (T/K) 780 854 891 945 991 1040 1120 1185
SMI.a (T/K) solid, 211..405 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.065 - 6744 / (T/K)
609 670
31 Ga gallium
Gallium
Gallium is a chemical element that has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in nature, but as the gallium salt in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores. A soft silvery metallic poor metal, elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures. As it liquefies...

use (T/K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
CRC.b (T/°C) 1037 1175 1347 1565 1852 2245
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.663 - 14208 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.760 - 13984 / (T/K) - 0.3413 log (T/K)
1307.4 1444.4 1613.8
KAL (T/K) 1665 1820 1900 2000 2100 2200 2350 2480
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 771..1443 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.915 - 13360 / (T/K)
1347 1499 1688
32 Ge germanium
Germanium
Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. The isolated element is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon....

use (T/K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
CRC.b (T/°C) 1371 1541 1750 2014 2360 2831
SMI.c (T/K) 897..1635 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.065 - 15150 / (T/K)
1505 1671 1878
33 As arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid...

use (T/K) 553 596 646 706 781 874
CRC.c (T/°C) 280 (s) 323 (s) 373 (s) 433 (s) 508 (s) 601 (s)
KAL (T/K) 656 (s) 701 (s) 723 (s) 754 (s) 780 (s) 808 (s) 849 (s) 883 (s)
34 Se selenium
Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium...

use (T/K) 500 552 617 704 813 958
CRC.c (T/°C) 227 279 344 431 540 685
KAL (T/K) 636 695 724 767 803 844 904 958
35 Br bromine
Bromine
Bromine ") is a chemical element with the symbol Br, an atomic number of 35, and an atomic mass of 79.904. It is in the halogen element group. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826...

use (T/K) 185 201 220 244 276 332
CRC.a (T/°C) -87.7 (s) -71.8 (s) -52.7 (s) -29.3 (s) 2.5 58.4
KAL (T/K) 227 (s) 244.1 (s) 252.1 (s) 263.6 (s) 275.7 290.0 312.0 332.0
36 Kr krypton
Krypton
Krypton is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of Group 18 and Period 4 elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquified air, and is often used with other...

use (T/K) 59 65 74 84 99 120
CRC.d (T/°C) -214.0 (s) -208.0 (s) -199.4 (s) -188.9 (s) -174.6 (s) -153.6
KAL (T/K) 77 (s) 84.3 (s) 88.1 (s) 93.8 (s) 98.6 (s) 103.9 (s) 112.0 (s) 119.7
37 Rb rubidium
Rubidium
Rubidium is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Its atomic mass is 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other elements in group 1, such as very rapid...

use (T/K) 434 486 552 641 769 958
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 160.4 212.5 278.9 368 496.1 685.3
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.863 - 4215 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.318 - 4040 / (T/K)
433.6 485.7 552.1
KAL (T/K) 583 649 684 735 779 829 907 978
SMI.d (T/K) liquid, 59.4..283 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.545 - 4132 / (T/K)
433 484 548
38 Sr strontium
Strontium
Strontium is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and the atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine and...

use (T/K) 796 882 990 1139 1345 1646
CRC.b (T/°C) 523 (s) 609 (s) 717 (s) 866 1072 1373
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.232 - 8572 / (T/K) - 1.1926 log (T/K)
795.7 882.0 989.9 1028.0
KAL (T/K) 1040 (s) 1150 1205 1285 1355 1430 1550 1660
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 361..750 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.255 - 8324 / (T/K)
812 899 1008
39 Y yttrium
Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is...

use (T/K) 1883 2075 (2320) (2627) (3036) (3607)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1610.1 1802.3 2047 (i) 2354 (i) 2763 (i) 3334 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.741 - 22306 / (T/K) - 0.8705 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2300 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.801 - 20341 / (T/K)
1883.3 2075.4
SMI.c (T/K) 1249..2056 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.555 - 21970 / (T/K)
1901 2081 2299
40 Zr zirconium
Zirconium
Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium...

use (T/K) 2639 2891 3197 3575 4053 4678
CRC.b (T/°C) 2366 2618 2924 3302 3780 4405
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.014 - 31512 / (T/K) - 0.7890 log (T/K)
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.812 - 30295 / (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) solid, 1527..2127 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.505 - 25870 / (T/K)
2249
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 2127..2459 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.165 - 27430 / (T/K)
2457 2698
41 Nb niobium
Niobium
Niobium or columbium , is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It's a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite...

use (T/K) 2942 3207 3524 3910 4393 5013
CRC.b (T/°C) 2669 2934 3251 3637 4120 4740
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.828 - 37818 / (T/K) - 0.2575 log (T/K)
SMI.n 2194..2539 °C: log (P/Pa) = 13.495 - 40400 / (T/K)
42 Mo molybdenum
Molybdenum
Molybdenum , is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek , meaning lead, itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores...

use (T/K) 2742 2994 3312 3707 4212 4879
CRC.b (T/°C) 2469 (s) 2721 3039 3434 3939 4606
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.535 - 34626 / (T/K) - 1.1331 log (T/K)
KAL (T/K) 3420 3720 3860 4060 4220 4410 4680 4900
SMI.r (T/K) solid, 1923..2533 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.925 - 30310 / (T/K)
2774
43 Tc technetium
Technetium
Technetium is the chemical element with atomic number 43 and symbol Tc. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes; every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically and only minute amounts are found in nature...

use (T/K) (2727) (2998) (3324) (3726) (4234) (4894)
CRC.b (T/°C) 2454 (e) 2725 (e) 3051 (e) 3453 (e) 3961 (e) 4621 (e)
44 Ru ruthenium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element...

use (T/K) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388
CRC.b (T/°C) 2315 (s) 2538 2814 3151 3572 4115
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.761 - 34154 / (T/K) - 0.4723 log (T/K)
2597.6
SMI.c (T/K) 1913..2946 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.625 - 33800 / (T/K)
2677 2908 3181
45 Rh rhodium
Rhodium
Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal, alloyed...

use (T/K) 2288 2496 2749 3063 3405 3997
CRC.b (T/°C) 2015 2223 2476 2790 3132 3724
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.174 - 29010 / (T/K) - 0.7068 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.808 - 26792 / (T/K)
2269.0 2478.9
SMI.c (T/K) 1681..2607 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.675 - 30400 / (T/K)
2398 2604 2848
46 Pd palladium
Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired...

use (T/K) 1721 1897 2117 2395 2753 3234
CRC.b (T/°C) 1448 (s) 1624 1844 2122 2480 2961
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.508 - 19813 / (T/K) - 0.9258 log (T/K)
1721.0
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.432 - 17899 / (T/K)
1897.7
SMI.c (T/K) 1156..2000 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.585 - 19230 / (T/K)
1817 2006 2240
47 Ag silver
Silver
Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal...

use (T/K) 1283 1413 1575 1782 2055 2433
CRC.b (T/°C) 1010 1140 1302 1509 1782 2160
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.133 - 14999 / (T/K) - 0.7845 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1600 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.758 - 13827 / (T/K)
1285.3 1417.0 1578.8
KAL (T/K) 1640 1790 1865 1970 2060 2160 2310 2440
SMI.a solid, 767..961 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.405 - 14850 / (T/K)
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 961..1353 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.785 - 14090 / (T/K)
1306 1440 1604
48 Cd cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low...

use (T/K) 530 583 654 745 867 1040
CRC.b (T/°C) 257 (s) 310 (s) 381 472 594 767
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.945 - 5799 / (T/K)
529.8 583.1
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 650 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.248 - 5392 / (T/K)
653.7
KAL (T/K) 683 748 781 829 870 915 983 1045
SMI.a (T/K) solid, 148..321 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.905 - 5798 / (T/K)
532 585
49 In indium
Indium
Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible post-transition metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows the intermediate properties between these two...

use (T/K) 1196 1325 1485 1690 1962 2340
CRC.b (T/°C) 923 1052 1212 1417 1689 2067
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.997 - 12548 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1500 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.380 - 12276 / (T/K)
1182.7 1308.7 1464.9
SMI.c,m (T/K) liquid, 667..1260 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.055 - 12150 / (T/K)
1208 1342 1508
50 Sn tin
Tin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4...

use (T/K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
CRC.b (T/°C) 1224 1384 1582 1834 2165 2620
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.042 - 15710 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1850 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.268 - 15332 / (T/K)
1493.2 1654.3 1854.4
KAL (T/K) 1930 2120 2210 2350 2470 2600 2800 2990
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 823..1609 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.095 - 13110 / (T/K)
1441 1620 1848
51 Sb antimony
Antimony
Antimony is a toxic chemical element with the symbol Sb and an atomic number of 51. A lustrous grey metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite...

use (T/K) 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858
CRC.b,c (T/°C) 534 (s) 603 (s) 738 946 1218 1585
KAL (T/K) 1065 1220 1295 1405 1495 1595 1740 1890
SMI.c (T/K) 466..904 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.545 - 9913 / (T/K)
940 1039 1160
52 Te tellurium
use (T/K) (775) (888) 1042 1266
CRC.d (T/°C) 502 (e) 615 (e) 768.8 992.4
KAL (T/K) 806 888 929 990 1040 1100 1190 1270
53 I iodine
Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor....

 (rhombic)
use (T/K) 260 282 309 342 381 457
CRC.a,b (T/°C) -12.8 (s) 9.3 (s) 35.9 (s) 68.7 (s) 108 (s) 184.0
KAL (T/K) 318 (s) 341.8 (s) 353.1 (s) 369.3 (s) 382.7 (s) 400.8 430.6 457.5
54 Xe xenon
Xenon
Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. The element name is pronounced or . A colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, xenon occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts...

use (T/K) 83 92 103 117 137 165
CRC.d,m (T/°C) -190 (s) -181 (s) -170 (s) -155.8 (s) -136.6 (s) -108.4
KAL (T/K) 107 (s) 117.3 (s) 122.5 (s) 130.1 (s) 136.6 (s) 143.8 (s) 154.7 (s) 165.0
55 Cs caesium
Caesium
Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at room temperature...

use (T/K) 418 469 534 623 750 940
CRC.f,k (T/°C) 144.5 195.6 260.9 350.0 477.1 667.0
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.717 - 3999 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 550 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.171 - 3830 / (T/K)
417.6 468.7 534.1
KAL (T/K) 559 624 657 708 752 802 883 959
SMI.e (T/K) liquid, 45..277 °C: log (P/Pa) = 8.985 - 3774 / (T/K)
420 473 540
56 Ba barium
Barium
Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with...

use (T/K) 911 1038 1185 1388 1686 2170
CRC.e (T/°C) 638 (s) 765 912 1115 1413 1897
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 17.411 - 9690 / (T/K) - 2.2890 log (T/K)
911.0
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.013 - 8163 / (T/K)
1018.7 1164.0
KAL (T/K) 1165 1290 1360 1455 1540 1635 1780 1910
SMI.c (T/K) 418..858 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.005 - 8908 / (T/K)
890 989 1113
57 La lanthanum
Lanthanum
Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57.Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element that belongs to group 3 of the periodic table and is the first element of the lanthanide series. It is found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with cerium and...

use (T/K) (2005) (2208) (2458) (2772) (3178) (3726)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1732 (i) 1935 (i) 2185 (i) 2499 (i) 2905 (i) 3453 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 12.469 - 22551 / (T/K) - 0.3142 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.917 - 21855 / (T/K)
2001.9 2203.8 2450.9
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1023..1754 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.005 - 18000 / (T/K)
1636 1799 1999
58 Ce cerium
Cerium
Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet . Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight...

use (T/K) 1992 2194 2442 2754 3159 3705
CRC.g (T/°C) 1719 1921 2169 2481 2886 3432
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 11.145 - 21752 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.617 - 21200 / (T/K)
1996.8 2204.4 2460.3
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1004..1599 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.865 - 20100 / (T/K)
1562 1694 1850
59 Pr praseodymium
Praseodymium
Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and when artificially prepared, it slowly develops a green oxide coating.The element...

use (T/K) 1771 1973 (2227) (2571) (3054) (3779)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1497.7 1699.4 1954 (i) 2298 (i) 2781 (i) 3506 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.865 - 18720 / (T/K) - 0.9512 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.778 - 17315 / (T/K)
1770.8 1972.5
60 Nd neodymium
Neodymium
Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite...

use (T/K) 1595 1774 1998 (2296) (2715) (3336)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1322.3 1501.2 1725.3 2023 (i) 2442 (i) 3063 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.002 - 17264 / (T/K) - 0.9519 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2000 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.918 - 15824 / (T/K)
1595.5 1774.4 1998.5
62 Sm samarium
Samarium
Samarium is a chemical element with the symbol Sm, atomic number 62 and atomic weight 150.36. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3...

use (T/K) 1001 1106 1240 (1421) (1675) (2061)
CRC.c (T/°C) 728 (s) 833 (s) 967 (s) 1148 (i) 1402 (i) 1788 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.994 - 11034 / (T/K) - 1.3287 log (T/K)
1002.5 1109.2 1242.2 1289.0
63 Eu europium
Europium
Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water...

use (T/K) 863 957 1072 1234 1452 1796
CRC.g (T/°C) 590 (s) 684 (s) 799 (s) 961 1179 1523
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.246 - 9459 / (T/K) - 1.1661 log (T/K)
874.6 968.8 1086.5
64 Gd gadolinium
Gadolinium
Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined form. Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by de Marignac who separated its oxide and is credited with...

use (T/K) (1836) (2028) (2267) (2573) (2976) (3535)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1563 (i) 1755 (i) 1994 (i) 2300 (i) 2703 (i) 3262 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.350 - 20861 / (T/K) - 0.5775 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2250 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.563 - 19389 / (T/K)
1835.6 2027.5 2264.3
65 Tb terbium
Terbium
Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife...

use (T/K) 1789 1979 (2201) (2505) (2913) (3491)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1516.1 1706.1 1928 (i) 2232 (i) 2640 (i) 3218 (i)
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.516 - 20457 / (T/K) - 0.9247 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.417 - 18639 / (T/K)
1789.3 1979.3 2214.4
66 Dy dysprosium
Dysprosium
Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime...

use (T/K) 1378 1523 (1704) (1954) (2304) (2831)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1105 (s) 1250 (s) 1431 (i) 1681 (i) 2031 (i) 2558 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.585 - 15336 / (T/K) - 1.1114 log (T/K)
1382.3 1526.5
67 Ho holmium
Holmium
Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm....

use (T/K) 1432 1584 (1775) (2040) (2410) (2964)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1159 (s) 1311 (s) 1502 (i) 1767 (i) 2137 (i) 2691 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.791 - 15899 / (T/K) - 1.1753 log (T/K)
1434.8 1585.2
68 Er erbium
Erbium
Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth...

use (T/K) 1504 1663 (1885) (2163) (2552) (3132)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1231 (s) 1390 (s) 1612 (i) 1890 (i) 2279 (i) 2859 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.922 - 16642 / (T/K) - 1.2154 log (T/K)
1504.7 1663.0
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1900 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.674 - 14380 / (T/K)
1873.9
69 Tm thulium
Thulium
Thulium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Thulium is the second least abundant of the lanthanides . It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster...

use (T/K) 1117 1235 1381 1570 (1821) (2217)
CRC.c (T/°C) 844 (s) 962 (s) 1108 (s) 1297 (s) 1548 (i) 1944 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to 1400 K: log (P/Pa) = 13.888 - 12270 / (T/K) - 0.9564 log (T/K)
1118.3 1235.5 1381.0
70 Yb ytterbium
Ytterbium
Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth element of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is sometimes associated with yttrium or other related...

use (T/K) 736 813 910 1047 (1266) (1465)
CRC.c (T/°C) 463 (s) 540 (s) 637 (s) 774 (s) 993 (i) 1192 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to 900 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.117 - 8111 / (T/K) - 1.0849 log (T/K)
737.0 814.4
71 Lu lutetium
use (T/K) 1906 2103 2346 (2653) (3072) (3663)
CRC.c (T/°C) 1633 (s) 1829.8 2072.8 2380 (i) 2799 (i) 3390 (i)
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.799 - 22423 / (T/K) - 0.6200 log (T/K)
1905.9
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.654 - 20302 / (T/K)
2103.0 2346.0
72 Hf hafnium
Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable...

use (T/K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
CRC.e (T/°C) 2416 2681 3004 3406 3921 4603
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.451 - 32482 / (T/K) - 0.6735 log (T/K)
73 Ta tantalum
Tantalum
Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, the name comes from Tantalus, a character in Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is part of the refractory...

use (T/K) 3297 3597 3957 4395 4939 5634
CRC.b (T/°C) 3024 3324 3684 4122 4666 5361
CR2 solid, 248 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 21.813 - 41346 / (T/K) - 3.2152 log (T/K) + 0.7437 (T/K)-3
SMI.o,p solid, 2407..2820 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.125 - 40210 / (T/K)
74 W tungsten
Tungsten
Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as...

use (T/K) 3477 3773 4137 4579 5127 5823
CRC.b (T/°C) 3204 (s) 3500 3864 4306 4854 5550
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2350 K: log (P/Pa) = 7.951 - 44094 / (T/K) + 1.3677 log (T/K)
CR2 solid, 2200 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -49.521 - 57687 / (T/K) - 12.2231 log (T/K)
KAL (T/K) 4300 4630 4790 5020 5200 5400 5690 5940
SMI.s (T/K) solid, 2554..3309 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.365 - 40260 / (T/K)
3542
75 Re rhenium
Rhenium
Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an average concentration of 1 part per billion , rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has...

use (T/K) 3303 3614 4009 4500 5127 5954
CRC.b (T/°C) 3030 (s) 3341 3736 4227 4854 5681
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 16.549 - 40726 / (T/K) - 1.1629 log (T/K)
76 Os osmium
Osmium
Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-blacktransition metal in the platinum family, and is the densest natural element. Osmium is twice as dense as lead. The density of osmium is , slightly greater than that of iridium,...

use (T/K) 3160 3423 3751 4148 4638 5256
CRC.b (T/°C) 2887 (s) 3150 3478 3875 4365 4983
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 14.425 - 41198 / (T/K) - 0.3896 log (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 2101..3221 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.715 - 37000 / (T/K)
2910 3158 3453
77 Ir iridium
Iridium
Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C...

use (T/K) 2713 2957 3252 3614 4069 4659
CRC.b (T/°C) 2440 (s) 2684 2979 3341 3796 4386
CR2 solid, 298 K to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.512 - 35099 / (T/K) - 0.7500 log (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 1993..3118 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.185 - 34110 / (T/K)
2799 3050 3349
78 Pt platinum
Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River." It is a dense, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal...

use (T/K) 2330 (2550) 2815 3143 3556 4094
CRC.b (T/°C) 2057 2277 (e) 2542 2870 3283 3821
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 9.888 - 29387 / (T/K) + 1.1039 log (T/K) - 0.4527 (T/K)-3
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.392 - 26856 / (T/K)
2357.4
KAL (T/K) 2910 3150 3260 3420 3560 3700 3910 4090
SMI.c (T/K) 1606..2582 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.758 - 27500 / (T/K)
2339 2556 2818
79 Au gold
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...

use (T/K) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078
CRC.b (T/°C) 1373 1541 1748 2008 2347 2805
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 14.158 - 19343 / (T/K) - 0.7479 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2050 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.838 - 18024 / (T/K)
1663.0 1832.1 2039.4
KAL (T/K) 2100 2290 2390 2520 2640 2770 2960 3120
SMI.a (T/K) 1083..1867 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.775 - 18520 / (T/K)
1719 1895 2111
80 Hg mercury
Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum...

use (T/K) 315 350 393 449 523 629
CRC.j,k (T/°C) 42.0 76.6 120.0 175.6 250.3 355.9
CR2 (T/K) liquid, 298 K to 400 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.122 - 3190 / (T/K)
315.2 349.7 392.8
KAL (T/K) 408 448.8 468.8 498.4 523.4 551.2 592.9 629.8
81 Tl thallium
Thallium
Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray poor metal resembles tin but discolors when exposed to air. The two chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy...

use (T/K) 882 977 1097 1252 1461 1758
CRC.b (T/°C) 609 704 824 979 1188 1485
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.977 - 9447 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1100 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9037 / (T/K)
880.4 975.4 1093.4
KAL (T/K) 1125 1235 1290 1370 1440 1515 1630 1730
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 405..821 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.275 - 8920 / (T/K)
868 962 1078
82 Pb lead
Lead
Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed...

use (T/K) 978 1088 1229 1412 1660 2027
CRC.b (T/°C) 705 815 956 1139 1387 1754
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 10.649 - 10143 / (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 1200 K: log (P/Pa) = 9.917 - 9701 / (T/K)
978.2 1087.9
KAL (T/K) 1285 1420 1485 1585 1670 1760 1905 2030
SMI.a (T/K) liquid, 483..975 °C: log (P/Pa) = 9.815 - 9600 / (T/K)
978 1089 1228
83 Bi bismuth
Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead...

use (T/K) 941 1041 1165 1325 1538 1835
CRC.b (T/°C) 668 768 892 1052 1265 1562
KAL (T/K) 1225 1350 1410 1505 1580 1670 1800 1920
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 474..934 °C: log (P/Pa) = 10.265 - 9824 / (T/K)
957 1060 1189
84 Po polonium
Polonium
Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Polonium has been studied for...

use (T/K) (846) 1003 1236
CRC.d (T/°C) 573 (e) 730.2 963.3
85 At astatine
Astatine
Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays away rapidly, so much less is known about this element than its upper neighbors in the periodic table...

use (T/K) 361 392 429 475 531 607
CRC.b (T/°C) 88 (s) 119 (s) 156 (s) 202 (s) 258 (s) 334
86 Rn radon
Radon
Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of uranium or thorium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days...

use (T/K) 110 121 134 152 176 211
CRC.d (T/°C) -163 (s) -152 (s) -139 (s) -121.4 (s) -97.6 (s) -62.3
KAL (T/K) 139 (s) 152 (s) 158 (s) 168 (s) 176 (s) 184 (s) 198 (s) 211
87 Fr francium
Francium
Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K.Actually the least unstable isotope, francium-223 It has the lowest electronegativity of all known elements, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element...

use (T/K) (404) (454) (519) (608) (738) (946)
CRC.b (T/°C) 131 (e) 181 (e) 246 (e) 335 (e) 465 (e) 673 (e)
88 Ra radium
Radium
Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,...

use (T/K) 819 906 1037 1209 1446 1799
CRC.b (T/°C) 546 (s) 633 (s) 764 936 1173 1526
90 Th thorium
Thorium
Thorium is a natural radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. It was discovered in 1828 and named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder....

use (T/K) 2633 2907 3248 3683 4259 5055
CRC.b (T/°C) 2360 2634 2975 3410 3986 4782
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.674 - 31483 / (T/K) - 0.5288 log (T/K)
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = -13.447 - 24569 / (T/K) + 6.6473 log (T/K)
SMI.c (T/K) 1686..2715 °C: log (P/Pa) = 11.645 - 28440 / (T/K)
2442 2672 2949
91 Pa protactinium
Protactinium
Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume...

CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 15.558 - 34869 / (T/K) - 1.0075 log (T/K)
CR2 liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 11.183 - 32874 / (T/K)
92 U uranium
Uranium
Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with atomic number 92. It is assigned the chemical symbol U. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons...

use (T/K) 2325 2564 2859 3234 3727 4402
CRC.b (T/°C) 2052 2291 2586 2961 3454 4129
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 5.776 - 27729 / (T/K) + 2.6982 log (T/K) - 1.5471 (T/K)-3
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 25.741 - 28776 / (T/K) - 4.0962 log (T/K)
2422.6
SMI.c (T/K) liquid, 1461..2338 °C: log (P/Pa) = 12.005 - 25800 / (T/K)
2149 2344 2579
93 Np neptunium
Neptunium
Neptunium is a chemical element with the symbol Np and atomic number 93. A radioactive metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element and belongs to the actinide series. Its most stable isotope, 237Np, is a by-product of nuclear reactors and plutonium production and it can be used as a...

use (T/K) 2194 2437
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 24.649 - 24886 / (T/K) - 3.9991 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2500 K: log (P/Pa) = 15.082 - 23378 / (T/K) - 1.3250 log (T/K)
2194.1 2436.6
94 Pu plutonium
Plutonium
Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, forming a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation...

use (T/K) 1756 1953 2198 2511 2926 3499
CRC.b (T/°C) 1483 1680 1925 2238 2653 3226
CR2 solid, 500 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 23.864 - 18460 / (T/K) - 4.4720 log (T/K)
CR2 solid, 298 K to 600 K: log (P/Pa) = 31.166 - 19162 / (T/K) - 6.6675 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2450 K: log (P/Pa) = 8.672 - 16658 / (T/K)
1920.9 2171.3
95 Am americium
Americium
Americium is a synthetic element that has the symbol Am and atomic number 95. This transuranic element of the actinide series is located in the periodic table below the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after another continent, America.Americium was first produced in 1944...

use (T/K) 1239 1356
CR2 (T/K) solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 16.317 - 15059 / (T/K) - 1.3449 log (T/K)
1238.7 1356.1
96 Cm curium
Curium
Curium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This radioactive transuranic element of the actinide series was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in summer 1944 by the group of...

use (T/K) 1788 1982
CR2 solid, 298 K to m.p.: log (P/Pa) = 13.375 - 20364 / (T/K) - 0.5770 log (T/K)
CR2 (T/K) liquid, m.p. to 2200 K: log (P/Pa) = 10.229 - 18292 / (T/K)
1788.2 1982.0

CRC.a-m

David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Vapor Pressure
Uncertainties of several degrees should generally be assumed. (e) Indicates extrapolated values beyond the region of experimental data, subject to greater uncertainty. (i) Indicates values calculated from ideal gas thermodynamic functions. (s) Indicates the substance is solid at this temperature. As quoted from these sources:
  • a - Lide, D.R., and Kehiaian, H.V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
  • b - Stull, D., in American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, Gray, D.E., Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1972.
  • c - Hultgren, R., Desai, P.D., Hawkins, D.T., Gleiser, M., Kelley, K.K., and Wagman, D.D., Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973.
  • d - TRCVP, Vapor Pressure Database, Version 2.2P, Thermodynamic Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
  • e - Barin, I., Thermochemical Data of Pure Substances, VCH Publishers, New York, 1993.
  • f - Ohse, R.W. Handbook of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Alkali Metals, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994.
  • g - Gschneidner, K.A., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition, p. 4-112, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
  • h - Leider, H.R., Krikorian, O.H., and Young, D.A., Carbon, 11, 555, 1973.
  • i - Wagner, W., and de Reuck, K.M., International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State, No. 9. Oxygen, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
  • j - Marsh, K.N., Editor, Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.
  • k - Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, 1984.
  • l - Stewart, R.B., and Jacobsen, R.T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639, 1989.
  • m - Sifner, O., and Klomfar, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 63, 1994.

CR2

David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements
The equations reproduce the observed pressures to an accuracy of ±5% or better. Coefficients from this source:
  • Alcock, C.B., Itkin, V.P., and Horrigan, M.K., Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309, (1984).

KAL

National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants; Section 3.4.4, D. Ambrose, Vapour pressures from 0.2 to 101.325 kPa. Retrieved Jan 2006.

SMI.a-s

W.E. Forsythe (ed.), Smithsonian Physical Tables 9th ed., online version (1954; Knovel 2003). Table 363, Evaporation of Metals
The equations are described as reproducing the observed pressures to a satisfactory degree of approximation. From these sources:
  • a - K.K. Kelley, Bur. Mines Bull. 383, (1935).
  • b - R.W. Ditchburn, J.C. Gilmour, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 13, p. 310, (1941).
  • c - Brewer, The thermodynamic and physical properties of the elements, Report for the Manhattan Project, (1946).
  • d - T.J. Killian, Phys. Rev., vol. 27, p. 578, (1926).
  • e - J.B. Taylor, I. Langmuir, Phys. Rev., vol. 51, p. 753, (1937).
  • f - A.L. Marshall, R.W. Dornte, F.J. Norton, Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 59, p. 1161, (1937).
  • g - R. Schumann, A.B. Garret, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 66, p. 442, (1944); vol. 67, p. 2279, (1945).
  • h - E. Rudberg, Phys. Rev., vol. 46, p. 763, (1934).
  • i - J.A.M. Van Liempt, Rec. Trav. Chem. d. Pays-Bas, vol. 55, p. 468, (1936).
  • j - E. Rudberg, J. Lempert, Journ. Chem. Phys., vol. 3, p. 627, (1935).
  • k - Int. National Critical Tables, vol. 3, p. 306, (1928).
  • l - E. Baur, R. Bruner, Hev. Chim. Acta, vol. 17, p. 958, (1934).
  • m - J.S. Anderson, Journ. Chem. Soc. (London), vol. 141, (1943).
  • n - A.L. Reimann, C.K. Grant, Philos. Mag., vol. 22, p. 34, (1936).
  • o - D.B. Langmuir, L. Malter, Phys. Rev., vol. 55, p. 748, (1939).
  • p - M.D. Fiske, Phys. Rev., vol. 61, p. 513, (1942).
  • q - H.L. Johnston, A.L. Marshall, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 62, p. 1382, (1940).
  • r - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, G.M.J. Mackay, Phys. Rev., vol. 30, p. 201, (1927).
  • s - H.A. Jones, I. Langmuir, Gen. Electric Rev., vol. 30, p. 354, (1927).
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