The People's Parliament was a Channel 4

Channel 4

Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster which began working on 2 November 1982. Although largely commercially self-funded, it is ultimately publicly owned; originally a subsidiary of the Independent Broadcasting Authority , the station is now owned and operated by the Channel...

 programme in which 90-100 randomly selected citizens, sitting in a mockup

Mockup

In manufacturing and design, a mockup, or mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes...

 of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, debated and voted on controversial issues. Each programme started with a motion

Motion (parliamentary procedure)

In parliamentary procedure, a motion is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action. In a parliament, this is also called a parliamentary motion and includes legislative motions, budgetary motions, supplementary budgetary motions, and petitionary...

 that was then debated by a proposer and witnesses for each side, setting out the facts behind the issues and the arguments for and against the motion. Its parliamentary procedure

Parliamentary procedure

Parliamentary procedure is the body of rules, ethics, and customs governing meetings and other operations of clubs, organizations, legislative bodies, and other deliberative assemblies...

s were under the control of Lesley Riddoch

Lesley Riddoch

Lesley Riddoch is a British radio broadcaster and journalist who lives in Perth.-Early career:Lesley Riddoch was born in England in 1963, spent her childhood in Belfast then moved to Glasgow in 1973 where she attended a local fee-paying private school...

 who acted as its "Speaker

Speaker (politics)

The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly, especially a legislative body. The speaker's official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, and the like. The speaker decides who may speak and has the...

". The participants hearing debate and voted on motions were called "Members of the People's Parliament" (MPPs) and selected to be representative of society. They made their own speeches, examined expert witnesses, and set up their own "Select Committees".

It was first broadcast at 7pm on July 30, 1994 with a programme that deliberated the motion that 'Persistent young offenders between the ages of 12 and 14 should be locked up.' The programme has been described as "an attempt to 're-empower' the disenfranchised electorate and explore the way in which a representative sample of people would respond to extended deliberation of difficult issues."

Format

Each episode started with a motion and an initial vote was taken (for, against and abstentions). Then speeches for, and against were made. There was also some initial debate by the MPPs. Then the MPPs were next presented with the recorded deliberations of a 'Select Committee' that presented evidence on the complexities of the issue from experts. After this, in the chamber of the People's Parliament, MPPs make responses to what they have heard. Finally, there is another vote that lets the viewer see how the arguments changed the views of the MPPs who also were about to comment about how they influenced them.

The People's Parliament was shot in the House of Commons set at Granada studios

Granada Television

Granada Television is the ITV contractor for North West England. Based in Manchester since its inception, it is the only surviving original ITA franchisee from 1954 and is ITV's most successful....

 in Manchester

Manchester

Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Manchester was 498,800. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas, the metropolitan county of Greater...

. The MPPs were selected from around Manchester and the North of England. It copied many of the aspects of Westminster in terms of the names given to the host "Madam Speaker" and participants, "MPPs". There was a set of Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice and a tinsel Ceremonial Mace. The MPPs were not paid for appearing through they received £20 to cover "transport costs". A late-night follow up phone-in programme was also sometimes transmitted. There were a pilot and five series.

Deliberative democracy

The show was initiated by Peter Weil and produced by Barraclough Carey Productions

Jenny Barraclough

Jennifer Ann Barraclough OBE is a British film and television producer. Much of her work is in television documentaries. She is also involved in a number of trusts and charities including the Grierson Trust, LEPRA, and the Razumovsky Ensemble....

. The idea of the programme came from James S. Fishkin

James S. Fishkin

James S. Fishkin is a professor in the Department of Communication at Stanford University. Fishkin is a widely cited scholar on his work on Deliberative democracy. Along with Robert Luskin , he has pioneered a model of polling called the Deliberative Poll.-Career:Fishkin received his BA degree and...

 (a consultant also to the programme) and his theories upon deliberative democracy

Deliberative democracy

Deliberative democracy is a form of democracy in which public deliberation is central to legitimate lawmaking. It adopts elements of both consensus decision-making and majority rule. Deliberative democracy differs from traditional democratic theory in that authentic deliberation, not mere...

. This is a form of direct democracy

Direct democracy

Direct democracy is a form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly, as opposed to a representative democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives. Direct democracy is classically termed "pure democracy"...

 adapted for modern nation states. Direct democracy was found in Classical Greece

Classical Greece

Classical Greece was a 200 year period in Greek culture lasting from the 5th through 4th centuries BC. This classical period had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire and greatly influenced the foundation of Western civilizations. Much of modern Western politics, artistic thought, such as...

 and in some Swiss Cantons but is unsuitable for modern states due population numbers. According to Fiskin statistical sampling can recreate the advantages of direct democracy in reflecting the views of the entire citizen body by the use of random sampling to create deliberative assemblies that reflect society in miniature. Though opinion poll

Opinion poll

An opinion poll, sometimes simply referred to as a poll is a survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions and then extrapolating generalities in ratio or within confidence...

s engage in random sampling they measure only instant opinions, not those that people form after hearing different sides of an argument over an issue. The People's Parliament was an attempt to create such a deliberative parliament that reflected by random sampling the diversity of informed opinion of all citizens.

Pilot

A pilot was made in 1993 and broadcast on 14 November: "Benefits should only be paid for the first child born to a single parent and they should not get priority housing". Michael McKay from Liverpool, was chosen, to introduce the motion to the House, for subsequent debate. A young man, who was very articulate and passionate in his delivery of the proposal. This was later supported by comments made by the editor of the show Peter Weil. Michael went on to appear in the first twelve episodes, leaving the programme after the first series had been completed.

First series 1994

July 30 'Persistent young offenders between the ages of 12 and 14 should be locked up.' FOR: Ch Supt John Potts, Police Superintendents' Association, AGAINST Prof Norman Tutt, executive director of Social Information Systems, Cheshire.

Aug 6 'Britain should prohibit the sale of military equipment to all countries which use arms for internal repression'. FOR: Nathalia Berkowitz, AGAINST John Kershaw, lecturer and member of the pro-defence British Atlantic Committee. Motion Approved.

Aug 13 'Non-essential vehicles should be banned from city centres' FOR: Rolf Monheim, Professor in Applied Urban Geography, Bayreuth University, AGAINST: Rosemary Graham, public policy and communications manager of the Royal Automobile Club.

Aug 20 "Recess"

Aug 27 'Britain should legalise all hard and soft drugs' FOR Miles Celic AGAINST: Stella Beardsmore. OPPOSED. (28 Yes, 44 No)

Sept 3 'Workers in the essential services should not have the right to strike.' FOR: Ira Chapllin, Intitute of Directors, AGAINST : Roger Poole, of the health and local government union, Unison. On eve of the Trades Union Congress

Trades Union Congress

The Trades Union Congress is a national trade union centre, a federation of trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade unions...

. (motion lost by 23 to 53)

Sept 10 'Fertility treatment should be available on the NHS to everyone over 18'. FOR: Zoe Conway. Opposer: Elizabeth Leech. AGAINST. (For: 48 Against: 21)

Sept 17 'Councils should have the power to set up their own police forces'. For: Margaret Mervis, Wandsworth Council's housing chairwoman; AGAINST Fred Broughton, chairman-elect of the Police Federation of England and Wales. (rejected by 42 to 31 votes)

Sept 24 'Able-bodied people who have been out of work for more than 6 months should be made to work for the community.'

Oct 1 'Corporal punishment should be brought back in state schools' Special edition in which 80 young people debate the motion. Proposer Wesley Soller, Opposer Helena Davies, REJECTED.

Oct 8 'Northern Ireland should be part of a united Ireland and not the United Kingdom' SUPPORTED.

Comments

Kenneth Wright, in the Glasgow Herald wrote of the first programme that it:

struck hell into my heart from its earliest tidings; set as it was in a slavish mock-up of the House of Commons ... To be sure, there were many present who were deeply in love with the sound of their own voices, a fair scattering of career dingbats, and two or three who looked suspiciously capable of becoming real, hectoring, righteous, boring MPs themselves one day; yet on the whole they were disappointingly non-fanatical and well-meaning. ... Lesley Riddoch, as Madam Speaker, handled the mob with wit and charm ("One singer, one song") only rarely giving the tiniest hint of the impatience that people who are paid to have opinions naturally feel for the amateur competition.

The Economist

The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in offices in the City of Westminster, London, England. Continuous publication began under founder James Wilson in September 1843...

 of September 17, 1994, noted that "many viewers of the "People's Parliament" have judged its debates to be of higher quality than those in the House of Commons. Members of the former, unlike the latter, appear to listen to what their fellows say."

Lesley Riddoch, noted that:

The Mother of Parliaments is also overwhelmingly male, white, able-bodied, middle-class, and university educated. The people are generally not. That awareness of the unrepresentative nature of Parliament, together with recent allegations of sleaze, has switched a lot of the public off parliamentary politics. ... Now whether The People's Parliament manages to be more animated, more passionate and more open-minded than the other place on the Thames remains to be seen. As their Speaker, I'm obviously biased. But as a journalist, I'm also fascinated by the desire of many people to believe this whole escapade can become more than just another TV series.

Simon Hoggart

Simon Hoggart

Simon David Hoggart is an English journalist and broadcaster. He writes on politics for The Guardian, and on wine for The Spectator. Until 2006 he presented The News Quiz on Radio 4...

 in a Parliamentary sketch in the Guardian

The Guardian

The Guardian, formerly known as The Manchester Guardian , is a British national daily newspaper in the Berliner format...

upon a debate in the House of Commons observed that:

For a moment the session began to sound like one of the appalling 'People's Parliaments' on Channel Four in which members of the public contemplate the issue of juvenile custodial sentences in terms of how their car radio got nicked, and how we should take a tip from Singapore where you get flogged for leaving chewing gum under a bus seat. The People's Parliament is a quick reminder that the real one might not be so bad after all.

External links

Channel Four, People's Parliament Whether Smoking Should be Banned Sound recording of the programme broadcast on 25/10/98