Sun Bu'er
Encyclopedia
Shandong
' is a Province located on the eastern coast of the People's Republic of China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese...
province of China. She was a beautiful, intelligent, wealthy woman, married with three children. Her family name was Sun and her first name was Fuchun, Bu'er being her name in religion. Her husband Ma Yu was a student of Wang Chongyang
Wang Chongyang
Wang Chongyang [Chinese calendar: 宋徽宗政和二年十二月廿二 – 金世宗大定十年正月初四] was a Chinese Taoist and one of the founders of the Quanzhen School in the twelfth century during the Song Dynasty. He was one of the Five Northern Patriarchs of Quanzhen...
. At the age of 51 she took up the study of the Dao
DAO
DAO may refer to:* D-amino acid oxidase, a peroxisomal enzyme.* Data access object, a design pattern used in object-oriented software engineering* De-asphalted oil, a crude oil refinery process stream...
and herself became a disciple of Wang Chongyang, serving as a Taoist priestess. She eventually left her home and traveled to the city of Luoyang
Luoyang
Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast.Situated on the central plain of...
where after twelve years of practice, at Fengxiangu cave, she attained the Dao and, it is said, became an immortal
Xian (Taoism)
Xian is a Chinese word for an enlightened person, translatable in English as:*"spiritually immortal; transcendent; super-human; celestial being"...
. Sun was a teacher with several disciples, founding the Purity and Tranquility School, and wrote many poems.
Early life
Sun Bu'er (born as Sun Yuanzhen) was born in 1119, in a small town located within the Ninghai district of Shandong. Her birth was thought of to be an unnatural occurrence as a result of a dream her mother had near the time of conception. In the dream her mother saw seven cranes near her courtyard, six of them flew away and the seventh magically entered her mother's body through her the breast. The crane is a symbol of immortality and is seen as the bird of long life. After this dream her mother intuitively knew that she would give birth to a divine being (Despeux, 2003, p. 142).At a young age, Sun Bu'er, was already exhibiting saintly characteristics. She was very intelligent, lived out the Dao through chants, poems, and practicing calligraphy and she was devoted to the rites and rules of propriety. Sun Bu'er received literary education from her father (Sun Zhongjing), who was a literary scholar. In her teens she married Ma Yu (Ma Danyang) and the couple had three sons together. Their lives would remain quiet until 1167, when Wang Chongyang's arrival disrupted their lives (Despeux, 2003, p. 143).
The School of Complete Perfection
Wang Chongyang (1112–1170) began a career as a religious leader soon after hermetizing himself on a 100 day retreat. He began a new movement named "Complete Perfection". Sun Bu'er's husband, Ma Yu, became an eager follower of Wang. This relationship caused disruption in Sun Bu'er's family life. Sun became angry with Wang's interference in her social role that she hoped he would starve to death during his retreat. He was still alive after 100 days, during which he had perfected his sainthood. This caused Sun Bu'er to recognize her religious calling. In order for her husband to pursue his divine path she had to let him be free. She then decided to leave her family which contradicted what was seen as her wifely duty (Despeux, 2003, p. 145). She then began her role in becoming one of the few women in the "Seven Perfected". This became a major statement in the conflict women undergo between their social role and their religious calling.Life as a "Seven Perfected"
Sun Bu'er finally joined the "Seven Perfected" after being urged to convert ten times by Wang. Once formally part of the group, Sun Bu'er received her Daoist name, Bu'er. She became a nun of Complete Perfection and a resident of the Golden Lotus Hall, where she received the title, "Serene one of clarity and Tranquility". Sun Bu'er was able then able to engage in advanced rituals. Some of these rituals consisted of performing exorcisms and acquiring magical powers (Despeux, 2003, p. 144).Sun then moved west, where she fought rain, frost and bad terrain. She began following the _Zhouyi cantong qi_ (Tally to the book of changes), which gave her instruction to practice her reversed breathing. She unblocked the orifices in her body, and refined the qi (energy flow) in her three cinnabar fields (located between the eyebrows in the head, the heart and abdomen). She eventually attained full realization of the Dao (Despeux, 2003, p. 146).
Sun Bu'er then moved to Luoyang in order to attract disciples. When she arrived in Luoyang, where she set herself up in a residence called _Feng xiangu dong_ (Grotto of the Immortal Lady Feng). She inherited a female lineage there and a got her claim to exorcism and eccentricity (Despeux, 2003, p. 147).
Sun Bu'er did not appear among the Seven Perfected until sixty years after her death. She then received the formal title "Perfected of Clarity and Tranquility and Deep Perfection Who Follows Virtue" (Despeux, 2003, p. 147).
Most known for
Sun Bu'er is most known for her journey from Shang Dong to Luoyang, where she intentionally made herself ugly by splashing boiling oil on her face to destroy her beauty. She did this in order to survive her trip unmolested. Sun Bu'er knew her physical attractiveness made her a target for men and could hinder her chances of completing her journey. A goal of Sun Bu'er's journey was to overcome her physical attractiveness, that inhibited her study of the Dao. By completing this action she then became recognized for her dedication to the Dao (Despeux, 2003, p. 148).Role for Daoist Women
Sun Bu'er serves as a model and matriarch for women who follow the tradition of Complete Perfection. She was the only woman to become one of the Complete Perfected. Women who study Complete Perfection follow her work of chemical enterprise for women. Her determination to lead the life of a female ascetic, devoted to the Dao, appears to have inspired countless other women (Boltz,1987, p. 155).Accomplishments
Sun Bu'er wrote a set of fourteen poems and is credited with various alchemical works. She used her poems and verses to give women a general outline of the alchemical enterprise for women. The poems describe the cosmic connection of an individual's qiQi
In traditional Chinese culture, qì is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi is frequently translated as life energy, lifeforce, or energy flow. Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts...
(energy flow) and the tendency of humans to fall into sensory complications. The poems outline the path to wholeness and how to achieve the "Dao
DAO
DAO may refer to:* D-amino acid oxidase, a peroxisomal enzyme.* Data access object, a design pattern used in object-oriented software engineering* De-asphalted oil, a crude oil refinery process stream...
" through meditation, breathing exercises, the reversion of qi
Qi
In traditional Chinese culture, qì is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi is frequently translated as life energy, lifeforce, or energy flow. Qi is the central underlying principle in traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts...
, and ending menstruation (Despeux, 2003, p. 148).
Sun Bu'er's poems reflect certain aspects of Taoist spirituality: that the cyclical changes in the human body and cycles of the seasons of the natural world are related. Sun Bu'er wrote about letting nature taking its natural course (Young, 1993, p. 385).
This is an example of one of Sun Bu'er's poems used for her teachings:
Projecting the Spirit
- There is a body outside the body,
- Which has nothing to do with anything produced by magical arts
- Making this aware energy completely pervasive Is the living, active, unified, original spirit
- The bright moon congeals the gold liquid
- Blue lotus regines jade reality
- When you've cooked the marrow of the sun and moon
- The pearl is so bright you don't worry about poverty (Cahill, 1996, p.62).
Later life
Sun Bu'er died in 1182, having predicted the hour of her departure. Before she died, she groomed herself, put on clean clothes, presented herself to her disciples, and recited a poem, therefore she was able to control her body and life (Minghe yuyin 5.7a). Sun Bu'er realized her original destiny by returning to the realm of immortals, reaffirming her role as a part of the eternal Dao (Despeux, 2003, p. 147).The surviving writings of Sun Bu'er consist of:
- "Secret Book on the Inner Elixir as Transmitted by the Immortal Sun Bu'er" (_Sun Bu'er yuanjun chuanshu dandoao mishu_).
- "Model Sayings of the Primordial Immortal Sun Bu'er" (_Sun Bu'er yuanjun fayu_).
The Seven Immortals
- Ma Yu
- Tan ChuDuan
- Liu ChuXuan
- Qiu ChujiQiu ChujiQiu Chuji was a Daoist disciple of Wang Chongyang. He was the most famous among the Seven True Daoists of the North...
- Wang ChuYiWang ChuyiWang Chuyi was one of "The Seven Perfect Ones of the North" or "The Seven Real Taoists", terms used for disciples of Wang Chongyang. He founded the Yushan lineage of the Quanzhen School. He was alleged to have resurrected a corpse by covering his ears and shouting "The Underground Ministry Must...
- Hao DaTong
- Sun Bu'er