Khâgne
Encyclopedia
The literary and humanities CPGE constitutes a type classe prépa, the two-year cycle of classes taken after the baccalauréat
(which is taken at age 17–18). It aims at preparing undergraduate students for the difficult entrance examination
to one or more of the three Écoles normales supérieures (ENS), to the École nationale des chartes
, to business schools and to Instituts d'études politiques.
Khâgne (ˈkaɲ) informally refers to the literary and humanity CPGE. But the term actually means the second year of classe préparatoire littéraire which is officially called Première Supérieure, while the first year (officially Lettres Supérieures) is called hypokhâgne (from Greek hypo, "under").
created a special class in order to gather those "veteran" junior high school students: the Première supérieure class, also called rhétorique supérieure, or rhétosup. Henri-IV high school then introduced the Lettres supérieures (or Lettres sup) year between high school and the Première supérieure year. Regarded as a two year extension of high school studies, the first year spent at Lettres supérieures and the following one at the Première supérieure constituted the preparation to the ENS. This system became the standard system by the 1930s.
The course is intensive, with around 35 hours of tuition per week and a good deal of work on top of that, and can be very stressful for students. The examinations are difficult and competitive and it is common for students either to repeat the second year of classes or to fail altogether, in which case they usually obtain a license
or other qualification. The grading system (0 to 20) reflects the general philosophy of the khâgnes: underscoring the failings of the students rather than their strengths. Consequently, most grades hover between 4 and 11, the latter grade being an excellent grade. This grading system is quite demotivating for the weak but must be understood as part and parcel of the intellectual "boot camp" mentality of the classes prépas educational system.
The classes involve elements of literature (modern and classical), history, philosophy, geography, languages and linguistics – a comprehensive humanities-based education – but students will normally specialise in one or two disciplines.
Critics claim that a disproportionate amount of resources is devoted to khâgne students as against the c.40% of Baccalauréat students who attend a standard university (faculté). They therefore see it as a feature of the elitism of the French higher education system, especially since the majority of successful candidates originate from successful middle-class families. Defenders see it as demonstrating an emphasis on quality.
The common entrance examinations (social sciences section) to the three ENS:
Each subject taught is based on an explicit curriculum which is different each year. The subjects are not considered of equal importance. One or two subjects are strongly emphasized, which makes the entrance examination to the ENS of Lyon more specialized than the one of to the ENS Ulm. 3,000 students are attending the khâgne Lyon each year.
Unlike what is commonly assumed, the distinction between "classical" and "modern" opposing the khâgne A/L to the khâgne LSH isn't explained by the distinction between classical literature and modern literature, since classical literature is also taught in khâgne LSH and modern literature in khâgne A/L. The distinction is actually made between "classical curriculum" and "modern classical" drawn in 1902 by the Ministry of the Public Instruction of the time, Alexandre Ribot
. Before 1902, all high school classes were considered "classical", which means that ancient languages were compulsory even among students majoring in sciences. The reform created "modern" sections in which ancient languages weren't compulsory.
In khâgne, the compulsory subjects and their respective tuition hours depend on the kind of speciality chosen:
high schools at the same time as the entrance examination (in the B/L section) was created at the ENS rue d'Ulm. The aim was to attract good high school students who majored in sciences to literary and social studies.
Both the curriculum of a hypokhâgne and a khâgne B/L is composed of the following subjects, which are considered of equal importance:
The khâgne B/L prepares to the enrollment to various schools by preparing to entrance examinations specifically designed for B/L students:
Besides grandes écoles and IEPs, khâgne students can also get enrolled into selective university programmes, such as magistères.
Baccalauréat
The baccalauréat , often known in France colloquially as le bac, is an academic qualification which French and international students take at the end of the lycée . It was introduced by Napoleon I in 1808. It is the main diploma required to pursue university studies...
(which is taken at age 17–18). It aims at preparing undergraduate students for the difficult entrance examination
Entrance examination
An entrance examination is an examination that many educational institutions use to select students for admission. These exams may be administered at any level of education, from primary to higher education, although they are more common at higher levels....
to one or more of the three Écoles normales supérieures (ENS), to the École nationale des chartes
École Nationale des Chartes
The École Nationale des Chartes is a grand établissement, an elite French university-level educational institution based in Paris. It provides education and training for archivists and librarians and forms part of the University of Paris.-History:...
, to business schools and to Instituts d'études politiques.
Khâgne (ˈkaɲ) informally refers to the literary and humanity CPGE. But the term actually means the second year of classe préparatoire littéraire which is officially called Première Supérieure, while the first year (officially Lettres Supérieures) is called hypokhâgne (from Greek hypo, "under").
History
Until 1890, high school graduates prepared for the entrance examination to the ENS by repeating their classe de rhétorique (the current high school junior year) and teachers would give them more difficult assignments than to junior high school students. Louis-le-Grand high schoolLycée Louis-le-Grand
The Lycée Louis-le-Grand is a public secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most rigorous in France. Formerly known as the Collège de Clermont, it was named in king Louis XIV of France's honor after he visited the school and offered his patronage.It offers both a...
created a special class in order to gather those "veteran" junior high school students: the Première supérieure class, also called rhétorique supérieure, or rhétosup. Henri-IV high school then introduced the Lettres supérieures (or Lettres sup) year between high school and the Première supérieure year. Regarded as a two year extension of high school studies, the first year spent at Lettres supérieures and the following one at the Première supérieure constituted the preparation to the ENS. This system became the standard system by the 1930s.
The course is intensive, with around 35 hours of tuition per week and a good deal of work on top of that, and can be very stressful for students. The examinations are difficult and competitive and it is common for students either to repeat the second year of classes or to fail altogether, in which case they usually obtain a license
License
The verb license or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license or licence refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission.A license may be granted by a party to another party as an element of an agreement...
or other qualification. The grading system (0 to 20) reflects the general philosophy of the khâgnes: underscoring the failings of the students rather than their strengths. Consequently, most grades hover between 4 and 11, the latter grade being an excellent grade. This grading system is quite demotivating for the weak but must be understood as part and parcel of the intellectual "boot camp" mentality of the classes prépas educational system.
The classes involve elements of literature (modern and classical), history, philosophy, geography, languages and linguistics – a comprehensive humanities-based education – but students will normally specialise in one or two disciplines.
Critics claim that a disproportionate amount of resources is devoted to khâgne students as against the c.40% of Baccalauréat students who attend a standard university (faculté). They therefore see it as a feature of the elitism of the French higher education system, especially since the majority of successful candidates originate from successful middle-class families. Defenders see it as demonstrating an emphasis on quality.
Etymology of Khâgne
The word khâgne (f.) is a pseudo-Graecism and is derived from the French adjective cagneux, knock-kneed. During the 19th and early 20th century, this adjective was often used mockingly to describe people in the academic strata, especially those pursuing classical studies. More specifically, the label "cagneux" was used as a taunt by students of the military academy (whose curriculum included physical education such as equestrianism and fencing) against students in the humanities which were perceived as crouching over their books, thus developing physical deformities. Nevertheless, in the early 20th century the term was adapted by humanities students themselves as a mocking self-description, albeit with a changed spelling to make it look like a Greek loan word.Organisation
There are two kinds of hypokhâgnes: the hypokhâgne A/L which can either lead to a Khâgne A/L-Ulm or a Khâgne LSH-Lyon, and the hypokhâgne B/L which leads to the Khâgne B/L only. There are therefore three kinds of khâgnes: khâgne B/L, khâgne Ulm (or A/L), and khâgne Lyon (or LSH), respectively preparing to the following entrance exams:The common entrance examinations (social sciences section) to the three ENS:
- the ENS UlmÉcole Normale SupérieureThe École normale supérieure is one of the most prestigious French grandes écoles...
, the ENS of CachanÉcole Normale Supérieure de CachanThe École Normale Supérieure de Cachan is one of the most prestigious French Grandes Écoles. Like all the other Grandes Écoles, this higher education institution is not included in the mainstream framework of the French public universities...
and the ENS of LyonÉcole normale supérieure lettres et sciences humainesThe École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines, or ENS LSH, was an elite French grande école specialising in the arts, humanities and social sciences... - The entrance examination (A/L section) to the ENS UlmÉcole Normale SupérieureThe École normale supérieure is one of the most prestigious French grandes écoles...
- And the entrance examination (in literature and art section, in languages section or in humanities sections) to the ENS of LyonÉcole normale supérieure lettres et sciences humainesThe École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines, or ENS LSH, was an elite French grande école specialising in the arts, humanities and social sciences...
.
Khâgnes de Lettres (A/L-Ulm and Lyon-LSH)
The two remaining kinds of khâgnes are literary khâgnes: khâgne moderne (also called khâgne Lyon-LSH) and khâgne classique (also called khâgne A/L or khâgne Ulm).- Khâgne A/L (as opposed to khâgne B/L) ou classical khâgne (as opposed to the modern khâgne, also called khâgne LSH) prepares to the A/L section of the entrance examination to the ENS. As the khâgne B/L, the particularity of the khâgne A/L lies in the fact that curricula of some subjects is unlimited. Each subject of the entrance examination must be taken in a written and in an oral form. The six written subjects taken are given the same coefficient: a codified essay in French literature, in history and in philospohy, a translation from an ancient language, a translation from a modern language and a commentary of it, and a subject taken as a speciality. During the oral entrance examination, the literary analysis of a French literary text, an examination in philosophy, in modern and in ancient languages are based on an unlimited programme, and so is the extension of the curriculum in history. However the examination in the subject taken as a speciality is based on an explicit curriculum. About 2,000 students attend the khâgne A/L.
- Khâgne LSH or khâgne Lyon (formally khâgne Fontenay ou khâgne Cloud, which respectively prepared to the former ENS of Saint-CloudSaint-CloudSaint-Cloud is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris.Like other communes of the Hauts-de-Seine such as Marnes-la-Coquette, Neuilly-sur-Seine or Vaucresson, Saint-Cloud is one of the wealthiest cities in France, ranked 22nd out of the 36500 in...
for men, and the former ENS of Fontenay-aux-RosesFontenay-aux-RosesFontenay-aux-Roses is a commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris.École Normale Supérieure was a girls school located in the area....
for women) is also called modern khâgne. It prepares to the ENS of LyonÉcole normale supérieure lettres et sciences humainesThe École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines, or ENS LSH, was an elite French grande école specialising in the arts, humanities and social sciences...
, which is more recent and less well known than the ENS Ulm, though it is better ranked in some research departments such as in exact and experimental sciences.
Each subject taught is based on an explicit curriculum which is different each year. The subjects are not considered of equal importance. One or two subjects are strongly emphasized, which makes the entrance examination to the ENS of Lyon more specialized than the one of to the ENS Ulm. 3,000 students are attending the khâgne Lyon each year.
Unlike what is commonly assumed, the distinction between "classical" and "modern" opposing the khâgne A/L to the khâgne LSH isn't explained by the distinction between classical literature and modern literature, since classical literature is also taught in khâgne LSH and modern literature in khâgne A/L. The distinction is actually made between "classical curriculum" and "modern classical" drawn in 1902 by the Ministry of the Public Instruction of the time, Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot was a French politician, four times Prime Minister.-Biography:He was born in Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais.After a brilliant academic career at the University of Paris, where he was lauréat of the faculty of law, he rapidly made his mark at the bar...
. Before 1902, all high school classes were considered "classical", which means that ancient languages were compulsory even among students majoring in sciences. The reform created "modern" sections in which ancient languages weren't compulsory.
The hypokhâgne A/L curriculum
All hypokhâgneux must attend 5 hours of French literature, 5 hours of history, 4 hours of philosophy, 4 hours of the first modern language, 3 hours of ancient language and cultures (2 hours of Latin or Ancient Greek and 2 hours of antique culture), 2 hours of geography and 2 hours of a second modern language a week. Then comes a chosen subject which can be art, ancient languages, geography or another modern language.In khâgne, the compulsory subjects and their respective tuition hours depend on the kind of speciality chosen:
- in litearture, in philosophy, in history/geography or in geography (explicit curriculum)
- in classical literature (Latin and ancient Greek, ancient history)
- in modern languages (two modern languages are to be studied)
- in musicology, in art history, in cinematography or in theater studies
Khâgnes de Lettres et Sciences sociales (B/L)
The khâgne de Lettres et Sciences sociales (Literature and social sciences), also called B/L, is different from the khâgne A/L or LSH as mathematics and social sciences are extra taught besides literary subjects (philosophy, French literature, history and languages). The khâgne B/L was created in 1983 in Henri-IV and LakanalLycée Lakanal
Lycée Lakanal is a secondary public school in Sceaux, France. It was named after Joseph Lakanal, a French politician, and an original member of the Institut de France. The school also offers a middle school and highly ranked "classes préparatoires" undergraduate training...
high schools at the same time as the entrance examination (in the B/L section) was created at the ENS rue d'Ulm. The aim was to attract good high school students who majored in sciences to literary and social studies.
Both the curriculum of a hypokhâgne and a khâgne B/L is composed of the following subjects, which are considered of equal importance:
- Mathematics (6 hours a week) whose curriculum is similar to the ones of business CPGEs.
- Social sciences (6 hours a week) which encompasses economy, sociology, and objects commonly studied by those two subjects.
- French literature (4 hours a week), unlimited curriculum.
- History (4 hours a week). The curriculum encompasses "World history from 1918 to nowadays" and "France history from 1870 to nowadays" and is taught during the two years of the classe prépa.
- Philosophy (4 hours a week), unlimited curriculum.
- A compulsory modern language (2 hours a week)
- A speciality (4 hours a week): extra classes in the compulsory modern language, or another modern language, or an Ancient language or geography.
- Sport (2 optional hours a week)
The khâgne B/L prepares to the enrollment to various schools by preparing to entrance examinations specifically designed for B/L students:
- the ENS UlmÉcole Normale SupérieureThe École normale supérieure is one of the most prestigious French grandes écoles...
(25 places) - the ENS of CachanÉcole Normale Supérieure de CachanThe École Normale Supérieure de Cachan is one of the most prestigious French Grandes Écoles. Like all the other Grandes Écoles, this higher education institution is not included in the mainstream framework of the French public universities...
(17 places) - the ENS of LyonÉcole normale supérieure lettres et sciences humainesThe École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines, or ENS LSH, was an elite French grande école specialising in the arts, humanities and social sciences...
(5 places). - the ENSAEENSAEENSAE may refer to:*École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique, a grande école in France.*École Nationale Supérieure de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace also known as SUPAERO, a grande école in France....
(National School of Statistics and Economic Administration) attached to France's National Institute of Economic and Statistical Information (INSEEINSEEINSEE is the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies. It collects and publishes information on the French economy and society, carrying out the periodic national census. Located in Paris, it is the French branch of Eurostat, European Statistical System...
) - the National School for Statistics and Analysis Areas Information (ENSAI)
- Business schools (ESSECESSECESSEC is one of the foremost business schools and Grandes Écoles in France and one of Europe’s top business schools. It was created by Jesuits in 1907 and was originally located in the heart of Paris, next to the University of Paris II: Panthéon-Assas, rue d'Assas...
, HECHautes Etudes CommercialesHautes Études Commerciales may refer to several business schools.*HEC Paris, France*HEC Lausanne, Switzerland*HEC Geneva, Switzerland*HEC Montréal, Canada*HEC Alger, Algiers*HECJF Paris, France...
, ESCP Europe, EDHEC, École de management de LyonÉcole de Management de LyonEMLYON Business School is a French business school. It was founded in Lyon in 1872 by the local business community, and is affiliated to the Lyon Chamber of Commerce and Industry. It has triple accreditation: EQUIS by the EFMD, AMBA, and the AACSB.-Campuses:EMLYON has three campuses...
, AudenciaAudenciaAudencia Nantes School of Management is one of the foremost business schools in France, accredited by EQUIS , AACSB and AMBA...
, etc.) - the French military academy Saint-CyrÉcole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-CyrThe École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr is the foremost French military academy. Its official name is . It is often referred to as Saint-Cyr . Its motto is "Ils s'instruisent pour vaincre": literally "They study to vanquish" or "Training for victory"...
- the national school for archivists and librarians, École nationale des chartesÉcole Nationale des ChartesThe École Nationale des Chartes is a grand établissement, an elite French university-level educational institution based in Paris. It provides education and training for archivists and librarians and forms part of the University of Paris.-History:...
- Communication schools (IFJ, etc.) and journalism schools (CELSA, etc.) ;
- Instituts d'études politiques (IEPIEPIEP can mean multiple things:* Individualized Education Program* International Energy Program* Institut d'études politiques, a group of French university faculties concentrating mainly but not exclusively on political science...
, Sciences Po). - the Engineering school (Management/Advanced mechanics) (ISMANS).
University
The majority of khâgneux B/L go on studying at university once they completed the khâgne, though more and more khâgneux get nowadays enrolled in grandes écoles, such as business schools or engineer schools (ENSAE, ENSAI, etc.). During their studies at the classe préparatoire, students are also immatriculated at a university so that the years spent at the classe prépa are acknowledged by universities: a student having completed the hypokhâgne is acknowledged as being able to immediately get enrolled as a sophomore student at university in a chosen subject; a student having completed the khâgne can immediately enter the third and last year of the French bachelor's programme in a chosen subject. After having repeated the khâgne, the student may be granted a partial or a total bachelor's diploma equivalence.Besides grandes écoles and IEPs, khâgne students can also get enrolled into selective university programmes, such as magistères.