Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage
Encyclopedia
This is an incomplete list that briefly describes vertebrate
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are animals that are members of the subphylum Vertebrata . Vertebrates are the largest group of chordates, with currently about 58,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds...

s that were extant during the Maastrichtian
Maastrichtian
The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the latest age or upper stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem. It spanned from 70.6 ± 0.6 Ma to 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma...

, a stage of the Late Cretaceous Period which extended from 70.6 to 65.5 million years before present
Before Present
Before Present years is a time scale used in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use AD 1950 as the origin of the age scale, reflecting the fact that radiocarbon...

. This was the last time period in which dinosaur
Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous , when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of...

s, pterosaur
Pterosaur
Pterosaurs were flying reptiles of the clade or order Pterosauria. They existed from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period . Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight...

s, plesiosaur
Plesiosaur
Plesiosauroidea is an extinct clade of carnivorous plesiosaur marine reptiles. Plesiosauroids, are known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods...

s, and mosasaur
Mosasaur
Mosasaurs are large extinct marine lizards. The first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764...

s existed.

Amphibians
Amphibian
Amphibians , are a class of vertebrate animals including animals such as toads, frogs, caecilians, and salamanders. They are characterized as non-amniote ectothermic tetrapods...

†Amphibians of the Maastrichtian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
  • Beelzebufo
    Beelzebufo
    Beelzebufo ampinga was a particularly large species of prehistoric frog first identified in 2007. Common names assigned by the popular media include "Devil Frog", "Devil Toad", and "The Frog From Hell"...

  • Beelzebufo ampinga
  • Maevarano Formation
    Maevarano Formation
    The Maevarano Formation is an Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rock formation found in the Mahajanga Province of northwestern Madagascar. It is most likely Maastrichtian in age, and records a seasonal, semiarid environment with rivers that had greatly varying discharges...

  • Albanerpeton
    Albanerpeton
    Albanerpeton is an extinct genus of salamander-like lissamphibian found in North America and Europe. Members of the genus have a robust head and neck which likely allowed them to actively burrow and they lived in a wide range of environments...


  • Ankylosaurs
    Ankylosauria
    Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous dinosaurs of the order Ornithischia. It includes the great majority of dinosaurs with armor in the form of bony osteoderms. Ankylosaurs were bulky quadrupeds, with short, powerful limbs. They are first known to have appeared in the early Jurassic Period of...

    †Ankylosaurs of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Ankylosaurus
      Ankylosaurus
      Ankylosaurus is a genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur, containing one species, A. magniventris...

    • Ankylosaurus magniventris
    Confirmed.
    Hell Creek Formation
    Hell Creek Formation
    The Hell Creek Formation is an intensely-studied division of Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana...

    , Montana, USA
    • Alberta, Canada
    The largest ankylosaur.

    • Edmontonia
      Edmontonia
      Edmontonia was an armoured dinosaur, a part of the nodosaur family from the Late Cretaceous Period. It is named after the Edmonton Formation , the unit of rock it was found in.-Description:...

    Campanian to Maastrichtian
    Maastrichtian
    The Maastrichtian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the latest age or upper stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch or Upper Cretaceous series, the Cretaceous period or system, and of the Mesozoic era or erathem. It spanned from 70.6 ± 0.6 Ma to 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma...

    Horseshoe Canyon Formation
    Horseshoe Canyon Formation
    The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is part of the Edmonton Group and is up to 230m in thickness. It is Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian in age and is composed of mudstone, sandstone, and carbonaceous shales...

    , Alberta, Canada
    A bulky nodosaurid at roughly 6.6m (22 ft) long and 2m (6 ft) high. It had small, ridged bony plates on its back and head and many sharp spikes along its back and tail. The four largest spikes jutted out from the shoulders on each side, two of which were split into subspines in some specimens. Its skull had a pear-like shape when viewed from above.
  • Euoplocephalus
    Euoplocephalus
    Euoplocephalus was one of the largest genera of ankylosaurian dinosaurs, at about the size of a small elephant. It is also the ankylosaurian with the best fossil record, so its extensive spiked armor, low-slung body and great club-like tail are well documented.-Description:Among the...

  • Euoplocephalus tutus
  • Glyptodontopelta
    Glyptodontopelta
    Glyptodontopelta is a genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was an ankylosaur, an armored dinosaur....

  • Glyptodontopelta mimus
  • Struthiosaurus
    Struthiosaurus
    Struthiosaurus is one of the smallest known and most basal genera of nodosaurid dinosaurs, from the Late Cretaceous period of Austria, Romania and France in Europe. It was protected by body armour...

  • Tarchia
    Tarchia
    Tarchia is a genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. It is currently the geologically youngest known of all the Asian ankylosaurid dinosaurs and is represented by five or more specimens, including two complete skulls and one nearly complete postcranial skeleton...

  • Tarchia giganteaus

  • Bird
    Bird
    Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...

    s

    Birds of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Anatalavis
      Anatalavis
      Anatalavis is genus of prehistoric birds related to ducks and geese, perhaps in particular the Magpie-goose. The species Anatalavis rex - formerly placed in Telmatornis - is known from the Hornerstown Formation of New Jersey...

    • Anatalavis rex
    A genus of bird related to modern ducks and geese. Found in the Hornerstone Formation of New Jersey
    New Jersey
    New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware...

    .The oldest of the two known Anatalavis species. The younger species dates from London
    London
    London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

    's Early Eocene rocks and is called A. oxfordi.


    • Avisaurus
      Avisaurus
      Avisaurus is a genus of enantiornithine bird from the Late Cretaceous of North America.Two species are known; the type species A. archibaldi and A. gloriae...

    • Avisaurus archibaldi
    A genus of carnivorous birds containing two known species, only one of which was present during the Maastrichtian. The type species of Avisaurus, A. archibaldi was discovered in Montana
    Montana
    Montana is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller, "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name,...

    's Hell Creek formation.
  • Canadaga
    Canadaga
    Canadaga is a flightless bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. The single known species is Canadaga arctica. It lived in the shallow seas around what today is Bylot Island in Nunavut, Canada...

  • Canadaga arctica
  • A genus of flightless toothed sea birds related to Hesperornis The only known Canadaga species, it was a large bird (more than 5 feet (1.5 m) long)lived in the shallow seas of northern Canada.
  • Ceramornis
    Ceramornis
    Ceramornis is a prehistoric bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. It lived shortly before the K-Pg mass extinction in the Maastrictian, some 65.5 million years ago . Its remains were found in the Lull 2 location, a Lance Formation site in Niobrara County, Wyoming . A single species is known,...

  • Ceramornis major
  • A charadriiforme from the Lance Creek Formation. Its evolutionary relationships are obscure. Known only from part of a single Coracoid bone, C. major is the only known Ceramornis species.
  • "Cimolopteryx
    Cimolopteryx
    Cimolopteryx is a prehistoric bird genus from the late Cretaceous Period. Remains attributed to Cimolopteryx have been found in the Frenchman Formation of Saskatchewan, the Lance Formation of Wyoming, and possibly the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. All date to the end of the Maastrichtian age,...

    "
  • A genus of shore bird from the Lance Creek Formation of Wyoming.
  • Enantiornis
    Enantiornis
    Enantiornis is a genus of predatory enantiornithine bird. The type and only currently accepted species E. leali is from Late Cretaceous rocks at El Brete, Argentina....

  • Enantiornis leali
  • A genus of predatory bird discovered in Argentina. Possibly related to Avisaurus. A 3 foot (0.9144 m) long eagle-like predator, it is the only known Enantiornis species.
  • Gargantuavis
    Gargantuavis
    Gargantuavis was a genus of prehistoric bird, possibly related to Patagopteryx, containing thus far a single species, Gargantuavis philoinos. It lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now southern France, in the Marnes de la Maurine Formation dated to around 70 mya...

  • Gargantuavis philoinos
  • A genus of large flightless ratite
    Ratite
    A ratite is any of a diverse group of large, flightless birds of Gondwanan origin, most of them now extinct. Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum—hence the name from the Latin ratis...

    -like bird. Eggs previously attributed to Titanosaurs may in fact be from this genus. Known from France, it is the Gargantuavis type species and indeed the only species discovered thus far.
  • Graculavus
    Graculavus
    Graculavus is a prehistoric bird genus that was described by O. C. Marsh. Its remains were found in the Late Cretaceous Austin Chalk of Texas and Lance Formation , and the controversial Hornerstown Formation which straddles the Cretaceous–Paleocene boundary, possibly dating to the Danian stage...

  • Hesperornis
    Hesperornis
    Hesperornis is a genus of flightless aquatic birds that spanned the first half of the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period . One of the lesser-known discoveries of the paleontologist O. C. Marsh in the late 19th century Bone Wars, it was an important early find in the history of avian...

  • A large aquatic diving bird with teeth, vestigial wings, and lobed toes. Discovered in Kansas by O. C. Marsh during the bone wars
    Bone Wars
    The Bone Wars, also known as the "Great Dinosaur Rush", refers to a period of intense fossil speculation and discovery during the Gilded Age of American history, marked by a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh...

    .
  • Judinornis
    Judinornis
    Judinornis is a prehistoric flightless bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. The single known species is Judinornis nogontsavensis...

  • Judinornis nogontsavensis
  • A somewhat primitive relative of Hesperornis, this toothed but flightless bird lived in freshwater, unlike its relatives. The only known species, this bird lived in the estuaries and rivers of mountains in the Nemegt Formation
    Nemegt Formation
    The Nemegt Formation is a geological formation dating from the Late Cretaceous sedimentary from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. It overlies and sometimes forms folds with the Barun Goyot Formation. It consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, birds and a...

     of Mongolia
    Mongolia
    Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

    .
  • Laornis
    Laornis
    Laornis is a genus of a prehistoric neornithine birds, known only from Specimen YPM 820, a single tibiotarsus leg bone discovered in the late 19th century. Consequently the genus is monotypic, containing only the species Laornis edvardsianus. Regarding its scientific name, Laornis means "stone...

  • Laornis edvardsianus
  • Lectavis
    Lectavis
    Lectavis is a genus of enantiornithine bird. Its fossil bones were recovered from the Late Cretaceous Lecho Formation at estancia El Brete, Argentina...

  • Lectavis bretincola
  • A genus of wading birds with uncertain evolutionary affinities, it had legs resembling and a body approximately the size of a modern curlew
    Curlew
    The curlews , genus Numenius, are a group of eight species of birds, characterised by long, slender, downcurved bills and mottled brown plumage. They are one of the most ancient lineages of scolopacid waders, together with the godwits which look similar but have straight bills...

    . The only known Lectavis species, it lived in Argentina
    Argentina
    Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...

  • Neogaeornis
    Neogaeornis
    Neogaeornis is a controversial prehistoric genus of diving bird. The single known species, Neogaeornis wetzeli, was described from fossils found in the Campanian to Maastrichtian Quiriquina Formation of Chile. It lived about 70-67 million years ago...

  • Neogaeornis wetzeli
  • A marine bird from Chile. It had the midfeet of a foot-propelled diving bird, but its relationships are enigmatic. The only known species is from the Campanian
    Campanian
    The Campanian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch . The Campanian spans the time from 83.5 ± 0.7 Ma to 70.6 ± 0.6 Ma ...

    -Maastrichitan boundary.
  • Palaeotringa
    Palaeotringa
    Palaeotringa is a prehistoric bird genus that was discovered by O. C. Marsh during the bone wars. Its remains were found in the controversial Hornerstown Formation of New Jersey which straddles the Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary some 66 million years ago...

  • Palintropus
    Palintropus
    Palintropus is a prehistoric bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. A single species has been named based on a proximal coracoid from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, dated to the latest Maastrichtian, 65.5 million years ago...

  • Palintropus retusus
  • Potamornis
    Potamornis
    Potamornis is a prehistoric bird genus that dated back to the late Maastrichtian. Its scrappy remains were found in the Lance Formation at Buck Creek, USA, and a single species has been named and described in 2001: Potamornis skutchi....

  • Potamornis skutchi
  • A genus of bird from the Lance Creek Formation that is related to Hesperornis.

    The type and only known species, its epithet was chosen to honor Dr. Alexander F. Skutch. Its only remains consist of a right quadrate and fragmentary post-cranial elements.
    • Telmatornis
      Telmatornis
      Telmatornis is a prehistoric bird genus of unclear affiliations. It apparently lived in the Late Cretaceous; its remains were found in the early Maastrichtian Navesink Formation of New Jersey. A single species is included today, Telmatornis priscus...

  • Tytthostonyx
    Tytthostonyx
    Tytthostonyx is a genus of prehistoric seabird. Found in the much-debated Hornerstown Formation which straddles the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary 65 million years ago, this animal was apparently closely related to the ancestor of some modern birds, such as Procellariiformes and/or "Pelecaniformes"...

  • Tytthostonyx glauconiticus
  • Vegavis
    Vegavis
    Vegavis is a genus of extinct bird that lived during the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica, some 65 mya. It belonged to the clade Anseriformes...

  • Vegavis iaai

  • A relative of modern duck
    Duck
    Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the Anatidae family of birds, which also includes swans and geese. The ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the Anatidae family; they do not represent a monophyletic group but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered...

    s and geese.

    The only known species of Vegavis, all known fossils of V. iaai came from a single individual discovered in Antarctica.

    Cartilaginous fish
    Chondrichthyes
    Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-chambered hearts, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone...

    Cartilaginous Fish of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Coupatezia
      Coupatezia
      Coupatezia is a prehistoric genus of ray whose fossils are found in strata dating from the Maastrichtian stage until the last species' extinction during the Middle Eocene...

  • Ctenopristis
    Ctenopristis
    Ctenopristis is a prehistoric genus of saw fish whose fossils are found in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage. The anterior teeth of Ctenopristis have a high cusp compared to certain other ancient sawfish genera...

  • Dalpiazia
    Dalpiazia
    Dalpiazia is a prehistoric genus of saw fish whose fossils are found in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage in Morocco. It was named in honor of Ernst Stromer.-Classification:...

  • Ganopristis
    Ganopristis
    Ganopristis is a prehistoric genus of saw fish whose fossils are found in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage. Its fossils can be found in Spain and Israel.-Species:*Ganopristis hiram*Ganopristis leptodon*Ganopristis libanica...

  • Gibbechinorhinus
  • Igdabatis
    Igdabatis
    Igdabatis is a prehistoric genus of ray whose fossils are found in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage.-See also:* Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage* List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish...

  • Microetmopterus
  • Paraginglymostoma
  • Parasquatina
  • Proetmopterus
  • Pucabatis
    Pucabatis
    Pucabatis is a prehistoric genus of ray whose fossils are found in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage.-See also:* Flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian stage* List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish...

  • Pucapristis
    Pucapristis
    Pucapristis is a prehistoric genus of saw fish whose fossils first appear in the fossil record in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage. Fossils of Pucapristis have not been found in any subsequent strata. Incidentally, the Maastrichtian is the final portion of the Cretaceous Period and its...

  • Raja
    Raja (genus)
    Raja is a genus of skates in the family Rajidae, containing nearly thirty species. They are flat-bodied cartilaginous fish with a rhombic shape due to their large pectoral fins extending from or nearly from the snout to the base of their tail. Their sharp snouts produced by a cranial projection of...

  • Rhombodus
    Rhombodus
    Rhombodus is a prehistoric genus of ray whose fossils are found in rocks dating from the Maastrichtian stage. It is found in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas. Most prominent are the teeth which are all that usually fossilises-See also:...

  • Schizorhiza
    Schizorhiza
    Schizorhiza is a fossil genus of cartilaginous fish, containing a single accepted species Schizorhiza stromeri. Its fossils are found in rocks dating from the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages; it thus lived between about 71 and 65.5 million years ago...


  • Ceratopsians
    Ceratopsia
    Ceratopsia or Ceratopia is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs which thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic. The earliest known ceratopsian, Yinlong downsi, lived between 161.2 and 155.7...

    †Ceratopsians of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Anchiceratops
      Anchiceratops
      Anchiceratops is a genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of western North America. Like other ceratopsids, it was a quadrupedal herbivore with three horns on its face, a parrot-like beak, and a long frill extending from the back of its head. The two horns above...

    1. Anchiceratops ornatus
    Alberta, Canada

    • Arrhinoceratops
      Arrhinoceratops
      Arrhinoceratops is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaur. The name was coined as its original describer concluded it had no nose-horn, however further analysis revealed this not to be the case...

    1. Arrhinoceratops brachyops
    • Nedoceratops
  • Nedoceratops hatcheri
    • Eotriceratops
      Eotriceratops
      Eotriceratops is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaur which lived during the late Cretaceous period. Its fossils have been found in the uppermost Horseshoe Canyon Formation, dating to about 67.6 million years ago. Its skull is reported to have been around 3 metres long...

  • Eotriceratops xerinsularis
    • Leptoceratops
      Leptoceratops
      Leptoceratops , was a primitive ceratopsian dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Western North America, at the same time as its giant...

  • Leptoceratops gracilis
    • Montanoceratops
      Montanoceratops
      Montanoceratops was a genus of small ceratopsian dinosaur. It lived during the early Maastrichtian of the late Cretaceous Period...

  • Montanoceratops cerorhynchos
    • Pachyrhinosaurus
      Pachyrhinosaurus
      Pachyrhinosaurus is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period of North America. The first examples were discovered by Charles M. Sternberg in Alberta, Canada, in 1946, and named in 1950. Over a dozen partial skulls and a large assortment of other fossils from various species...

  • Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
    • Pentaceratops
      Pentaceratops
      Pentaceratops is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. The appearance of Pentaceratops sternbergii in the fossil record marks the end of the Judithian land vertebrate age and the start of the Kirtlandian...

  • Kirtland Formation
    Kirtland Formation
    The Kirtland Formation is a sedimentary geological formation. It is the product of alluvial muds and overbank sand deposits from the many channels draining the coastal plain that existed on the inland seashore of North America, in the late Cretaceous period. It overlies the Fruitland Formation...

  • Tatankaceratops
    Tatankaceratops
    Tatankaceratops is a controversial genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur. It is a small chasmosaurine ceratopsian which lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now South Dakota. It is known from a single partial skull which was collected from the Hell Creek Formation, dating to...

  • Tatankaceratops sacrisonorum
    • Hell Creek Formation
      Hell Creek Formation
      The Hell Creek Formation is an intensely-studied division of Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana...

  • Torosaurus
    Torosaurus
    Torosaurus is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period , between 70 and 65 million years ago. It possessed one of the largest skulls of any known land animal. The frilled skull reached in length...

  • Torosaurus latus
    • Triceratops
      Triceratops
      Triceratops is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur which lived during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, around 68 to 65 million years ago in what is now North America. It was one of the last dinosaur genera to appear before the great Cretaceous–Paleogene...

  • Triceratops horridus
  • Triceratops prorsus

  • Crocodilians
    Crocodilia
    Crocodilia is an order of large reptiles that appeared about 84 million years ago in the late Cretaceous Period . They are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria...

    Crocodilians of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Hyposaurus
      Hyposaurus
      Hyposaurus is a genus of extinct dyrosaurid crocodyliform. Fossils have been found in Paleocene aged rocks of the Maria Farinha Formation in Pernambuco, Brazil and Iullemmeden Basin in West Africa and Maastrichtian strata in New Jersey. It was related to Dyrosaurus....

  • Mahajangasuchus
    Mahajangasuchus
    Mahajangasuchus is an extinct genus of crocodyliform which had blunt, conical teeth. The type species, M. insignis, lived during the Late Cretaceous; its fossils have been found in the Maevarano Formation in northern Madagascar.Sereno et al....


    • Shamosuchus
      Shamosuchus
      Shamosuchus is an extinct genus of neosuchian crocodile that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now the Gobi desert of Mongolia, approximately 85 to 65 million years ago. The teeth were adapted to crush bivalves, gastropods and other animals with a shell or exoskeleton . The genus...


    Bony fish
    Acanthopterygii
    Acanthopterygii is a superorder of bony fishes in the class Actinopterygii. Members of this superorder are also known as the ray-finned fishes for the characteristic sharp, bony rays in their fins; however this name is also often given to the class Actinopterygii as a whole.Orders:* Order...

    Bony Fish of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Arius
      Arius (genus)
      Arius is a genus of catfishes of the family Ariidae. The genus Arius is distributed in brackish and fresh waters of Eastern Africa and south to southeast Asia....

  • Congorhynchus
    Congorhynchus
    Congorhynchus is a genus of prehistoric fish that was described by E. Darteville and E. Casier in 1949.Fossils belonging to Congorhynchus date back to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous as well as the Eocene. This means that this genus survived the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event...

  • Coriops
    Coriops
    Coriops is a genus of prehistoric fish. Its fossils are found in Campanian , Maastrichtian , and possibly Paleocene age deposits...

  • Eodiaphyodus
    Eodiaphyodus
    Eodiaphyodus is a genus of Elopiformes fish that is classified in the suborder Albuloidea. It is related to the modern Tarpon. This fish that in Morocco during the Late Cretaceous Period. It crushed its food with bony plates found in the back of its throat.-See also:*Coriops*Flora and fauna of the...

  • Gasteroclupea
    Gasteroclupea
    Gasteroclupea is a genus of prehistoric clupeiform fish that is related to modern anchovies and herrings. Its fossils date back to the Maastrichtian stage of the late Cretaceous period.- External links :...

  • Goudkoffia
    Goudkoffia
    Goudkoffia is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch.-See also:* Prehistoric fish* List of prehistoric bony fish...

  • Hemilampronites
    Hemilampronites
    Hemilampronites is a prehistoric genus of flying fish. Its fossils can be found in Maastrichtian aged marine deposits.-Classification:Hemilampronites is a member of the order Beloniformes....

  • Kankatodus
    Kankatodus
    Kankatodus is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish.-See also:* Prehistoric fish* List of prehistoric bony fish...

  • Natlandia
    Natlandia
    Natlandia is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch.-See also:* Prehistoric fish* List of prehistoric bony fish...


  • Mammal
    Mammal
    Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...

    s

    Mammals of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Didelphodon
      Didelphodon
      Didelphodon is a genus of stagodont marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Three species are known: Didelphodon vorax, D. padanicus, and D. coyi. Although perhaps little larger than a Virginia Opossum, it was one of the largest mammals of the Mesozoic...

    Didelphodon was one of the largest Mesozoic mammals.

    • Purgatorius
      Purgatorius
      Purgatorius is the genus of the four extinct species believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes...

    Montana
    Montana
    Montana is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller, "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name,...

    Believed to be the earliest primate
    Primate
    A primate is a mammal of the order Primates , which contains prosimians and simians. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment...

     or a primatomorph
  • Zalambdalestes
    Zalambdalestes
    Zalambdalestes was a placental mammal living during the Upper Cretaceous in Mongolia. It is one of the oldest examples of a placental mammal known, and would have lived alongside the dinosaurs....


  • Ornithopod
    Ornithopod
    Ornithopods or members of the clade Ornithopoda are a group of ornithischian dinosaurs that started out as small, bipedal running grazers, and grew in size and numbers until they became one of the most successful groups of herbivores in the Cretaceous world, and dominated the North American...

    a


    >-
    †Ornithopods of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Amurosaurus
      Amurosaurus
      Amurosaurus is a genus of lambeosaurine hadrosaurid dinosaur found in the latest Cretaceous period of eastern Asia. Like most lambeosaurs, it would have been a primarily bipedal herbivore with a "duckbill" shaped snout and a hollow crest on top of its head, although such a crest has not been found...

    1. Amurosaurus riabinini
    reka Amur, Russian Federation

    • Anasazisaurus
      Anasazisaurus
      Anasazisaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur that lived about 74 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous Period. It was found in the Farmington Member of the Kirtland Formation, in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico, United States. Only a partial skull has been found to date...

    1. Anasazisaurus horneri
    • Anatotitan
      Anatotitan
      Anatotitan is a genus of flat-headed or hadrosaurine hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur from the very end of the Cretaceous Period, in what is now North America...

  • Anatotitan copei
    • Barsboldia
      Barsboldia
      Barsboldia was a genus of large hadrosaurid dinosaur from the early Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation of Ömnogöv', Mongolia. It is known from a partial vertebral column, partial pelvis, and some ribs...

  • Barsboldia sicinskii
    • Charonosaurus
      Charonosaurus
      Charonosaurus |Charon]]'s lizard") is the name of a genus of dinosaur whose fossils were discovered by Godefroit, Zan & Jin in 2000 on the south bank of the Amur River, dividing China from Russia.-Description:...

    1. Charonosaurus jiayinensis
    • Edmontosaurus
      Edmontosaurus
      Edmontosaurus is a genus of crestless hadrosaurid dinosaur. It contains two species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous Period 73 million years ago,...

  • Edmontosaurus regalis
  • Edmontosaurus annectens
  • Edmontosaurus sakatchewansis
    • Gilmoreosaurus
      Gilmoreosaurus
      Gilmoreosaurus is the name given to a genus of dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Asia. The type species is Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis. It is believed to be a hadrosaur or iguanodont from the Iren Dabasu Formation of Mongolia, dating to 70 Ma ago. Additional specimens have been described as distinct...

  • Hypacrosaurus
    Hypacrosaurus
    Hypacrosaurus was a genus of duckbill dinosaur similar in appearance to Corythosaurus. Like Corythosaurus, it had a tall, hollow rounded crest, although not as large and straight...

  • Hypacrosaurus altispinus
    • Kerberosaurus
      Kerberosaurus
      Kerberosaurus was a genus of hadrosaurine duckbill dinosaur from the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tsagayan Formation of Blagoveschensk, Amur Region, Russia...

  • Kerberosaurus manakini
    • Koutalisaurus
      Koutalisaurus
      Koutalisaurus was a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur. It is based on a mostly complete dentary from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tremp Formation near the town of Abella de la Conca, Lleida, Spain...

  • Koutalisaurus kohlerorum
    • Microhadrosaurus
      Microhadrosaurus
      Microhadrosaurus is a genus of duckbill dinosaur from the Campanian or Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Yuanpu Formation of Guangdong, China...

  • Microhadrosaurus nanshiungensis
    • Nanningosaurus
      Nanningosaurus
      Nanningosaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of the Nalong Basin, Guangxi, China. It is based on an incomplete skeleton including skull, arm, and hip remains. Some of its diagnostic characteristics include relatively few tooth positions, a gracile upper arm, and an...

  • Nanningosaurus dashiensis
    • Olorotitan
      Olorotitan
      Olorotitan was a genus of lambeosaurine duckbilled dinosaur from the middle or latest Maastrichtian-age Late Cretaceous Tsagayan Formation beds located in Kundur, Amur Region, Far Eastern Russia. The remains, consisting of a nearly complete skeleton, were described by Pascal Godefroit et al. in...

  • Olorotitan arhanensis
    • Orthomerus
      Orthomerus
      Orthomerus is a genus of duckbill dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of The Netherlands, Belgium and possibly Ukraine. It is today an obscure genus, but in the past was conflated with the much better known Telmatosaurus....

  • Orthomerus dolloi
    • Pararhabdodon
      Pararhabdodon
      Pararhabdodon was a genus of derived hadrosauroid or basal hadrosaurid dinosaur, from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Tremp Formation of Spain...

  • Pararhabdodon isonensis
    • Parksosaurus
      Parksosaurus
      Parksosaurus was a genus of hypsilophodont ornithopod dinosaur from the early Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada. It is based on most of a partially articulated skeleton and partial skull, showing it to have been a small, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur...

  • Parksosaurus warreni
    • Rhabdodon
      Rhabdodon
      Rhabdodon is a genus of dinosaur that lived in Europe approximately 70 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. It is unclear whether it was an iguanodont or a hypsilophodont, and may be a "missing link" between the two. Current evidence indicates it is an iguanodont similar to Tenontosaurus...

  • Rhabdodon priscus
  • Rhabdodon septimanicus
    • Sahaliyania
      Sahaliyania
      Sahaliyania is a genus of lambeosaurine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Heilongjiang, China...

  • Sahaliyania elunchunorum
    • Saurolophus
      Saurolophus
      Saurolophus is a genus of large hadrosaurine duckbill that lived about 69.5-68.5 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia; it is one of the few genera of dinosaurs known from multiple continents. It is distinguished by a spike-like crest which projects up and back...

  • Saurolophus osborni
    • Secernosaurus
      Secernosaurus
      Secernosaurus is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur. Secernosaurus was a hadrosaur, a "duck-billed" dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found in Argentina....

  • Secernosaurus koerneri
    • Shantungosaurus
      Shantungosaurus
      Shantungosaurus, meaning "Shandong Lizard", is a genus of saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs found in the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Formation of the Shandong Peninsula in China.-Description:...

  • Shantungosaurus giganteus
    • Tanius
      Tanius
      Tanius is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur. It lived in the Late Cretaceous of the People's Republic of China.The type species, named and described in 1929 by Carl Wiman, is Tanius sinensis. The generic name honours the Chinese paleontologist Tan Xichou...

  • Tanius sinensis
    • Talenkauen
      Talenkauen
      Talenkauen is a genus of basal iguanodont dinosaur from the Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Pari Aike Formation of Lake Viedma, Santa Cruz, Argentina. It is based on MPM-10001, a partial articulated skeleton missing the rear part of the skull, the tail, and the hands...

  • Talenkauen santacrucensis
    • Telmatosaurus
      Telmatosaurus
      Telmatosaurus is a genus of basal hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was a relatively small hadrosaur, approximately five meters long, found in what is now Romania....

  • Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus
    • Thescelosaurus
      Thescelosaurus
      Thescelosaurus was a genus of small ornithopod dinosaur that appeared at the very end of the Late Cretaceous period in North America. It was a member of the last dinosaurian fauna before the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event around 65.5 million years ago...

  • Thescelosaurus garbanii
  • Thescelosaurus neglectus
    • Thespesius
      Thespesius
      Thespesius is a dubious genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of South Dakota....

  • Thespesius occidentalis
    • Wulagasaurus
      Wulagasaurus
      Wulagasaurus is a genus of hadrosaurine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Heilongjiang, China. Its remains were found in a bonebed in the latest Maastrichtian-age Yuliangze Formation, dated to 65.5 million years ago...

  • Wulagasaurus dongi
    • Zalmoxes
      Zalmoxes
      Zalmoxes is a genus of herbivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of what is now Romania. It is classified as a rhabdodontid iguanodont....

  • Zalmoxes robustus
  • Zalmoxes shqiperorum

  • Pachycephalosaurs
    Pachycephalosauria
    Pachycephalosauria is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs. Well-known genera include Pachycephalosaurus, Stegoceras, Stygimoloch, and Dracorex. Most lived during the Late Cretaceous Period, in what is now North America and Asia. They were all bipedal, herbivorous/omnivorous animals with thick skulls...

    †Pachycephalosaurs of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Dracorex
      Dracorex
      Dracorex is a dinosaur genus of the family Pachycephalosauridae, from the Late Cretaceous of North America.The type species is Dracorex hogwartsia, meaning "dragon king of Hogwarts". It is known from one nearly complete skull , as well as four cervical vertebrae including the atlas, third, ninth...

    1. Dracorex hogwartsia

    • Pachycephalosaurus
      Pachycephalosaurus
      Pachycephalosaurus is a genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur. It lived during the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. Remains have been excavated in Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. It was an herbivorous or omnivorous creature which is only known from a single skull and a few...

    1. Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis
    • Prenocephale
      Prenocephale
      Prenocephale was a small pachycephalosaurid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous and was similar in many ways to its close relative, Homalocephale, which may simply represent Prenocephale juveniles. Adult Prenocephale probably weighed around and measured around long...

  • Prenocephale prenes
  • Prenocephale brevis
  • Prenocephale edmontonensis
  • Prenocephale goodwini
    • Sphaerotholus
      Sphaerotholus
      Sphaerotholus is a genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of the western United States. To date, two species have been described: the type species, S. goodwini, from the Den-na-zin Member of the Kirtland Formation of San Juan County, New Mexico, and a second species, S...

  • Sphaerotholus bucholtzae
    • Stygimoloch
      Stygimoloch
      Stygimoloch is a putative genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the end of the Cretaceous period, roughly 65 million years ago...

  • Stygimoloch spinifer

  • Plesiosaur
    Plesiosaur
    Plesiosauroidea is an extinct clade of carnivorous plesiosaur marine reptiles. Plesiosauroids, are known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods...

    s

    †Plesiosaurs of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Aristonectes
      Aristonectes
      Aristonectes is an extinct genus of plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous of what is now South America and Antarctica...

  • Elasmosaurus
    Elasmosaurus
    Elasmosaurus + σαυρος sauros 'lizard') is a genus of plesiosaur with an extremely long neck that lived in the Late Cretaceous period , 80.5 million years ago.-Description:...

  • Antarctica, Lopez de Bertodano Formation
    Chubut, Argentina, Paso del Sapo Formation
    • Hydrotherosaurus
      Hydrotherosaurus
      Hydrotherosaurus is an extinct genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Fresno County, California, measuring up to 13 m in length. The species H. alexandrae was named for its discoverer, Annie Montague Alexander by Samuel Paul Welles.-References:* Welles, S. P. 1943...

      • Hydrotherosaurus alexandrae
    • †Turneria

    Pterosaur
    Pterosaur
    Pterosaurs were flying reptiles of the clade or order Pterosauria. They existed from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period . Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight...

    s

    †Pterosaurs of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Hatzegopteryx
      Hatzegopteryx
      Hatzegopteryx is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur, known from incomplete remains found in Transylvania. The skull fragments, left humerus, and other fossilized remains indicate it was among the largest pterosaurs. The skeleton of Hatzegopteryx has been considered identical to the known remains of...

    1. Hatzegopteryx thambema
    Densus-Ciula Formation, Romania

    • Nyctosaurus
      Nyctosaurus
      Nyctosaurus is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur, the remains of which have been found in the Niobrara Formation of the mid-western United States, which, during the late Cretaceous Period, was covered in an extensive shallow sea. The genus Nyctosaurus has had numerous species referred to it,...

    1. N. lamegoi
    2. N. gracilis
    Gamame Formation, Paraiba
    Paraíba
    Paraíba Paraíba Paraíba (Tupi: pa'ra a'íba: "bad to navigation"; Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east...

    , Brazil
    • Quetzalcoatlus
      Quetzalcoatlus
      Quetzalcoatlus was a pterodactyloid pterosaur known from the Late Cretaceous of North America , and one of the largest known flying animals of all time. It was a member of the Azhdarchidae, a family of advanced toothless pterosaurs with unusually long, stiffened necks...

  • Quetzalcoatlus northropi
  • North America
    Hell Creek Formation
    Hell Creek Formation
    The Hell Creek Formation is an intensely-studied division of Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana...

    , Montana, USA
    Javelina Formation
    Javelina Formation
    The Javelina Formation is a geological formation in Texas. Dating has shown that the strata date to the mid-late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, with the middle part of the formation dated to about 69 million years ago plus or minus 1 Ma and the top situated near the K-Pg boundary,...

    , Texas, USA

    Sauropods
    Sauropoda
    Sauropoda , or the sauropods , are an infraorder of saurischian dinosaurs. They had long necks, long tails, small heads , and thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land...

    Sauropods
    Sauropoda
    Sauropoda , or the sauropods , are an infraorder of saurischian dinosaurs. They had long necks, long tails, small heads , and thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land...

     of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Alamosaurus
      Alamosaurus
      Alamosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America. It was a large quadrupedal herbivore. Isolated vertebrae and limb bones indicate that it reached sizes comparable to Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus, which would make it the...

    • Alamosaurus sanjuanensis
    Utah, New Mexico, Texas

    • Antarctosaurus
      Antarctosaurus
      Antarctosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now South America. The type species, A. wichmannianus, was described by prolific German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene in 1929, who also described a second species in 1929. Three additional...

    Argentina
  • Argyrosaurus
    Argyrosaurus
    Argyrosaurus is a genus of herbivorous titanosaurid dinosaur that lived about 90 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now South America . It was one of the largest dinosaurs, having a length of up to 20–30 metres and a weight estimated as high as eighty tonnes...

      • Argyrosaurus superbus
    Argentina, Uruguay
    • Bruhathkayosaurus
      Bruhathkayosaurus
      Bruhathkayosaurus might have been the largest dinosaur that ever lived. The accuracy of this claim, however, has been mired in controversy and debate...

    Kallemedu Formation, Tamil Nadu
    Tamil Nadu
    Tamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh...

    , India
    Bruhathkayosaurus may have been the largest dinosaur of all.
  • Campylodoniscus
    Campylodoniscus
    Campylodoniscus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Argentina.The type species was first named and described by Friedrich von Huene in 1929 as Campylodon ameghinoi, the genus name meaning 'bent tooth', from Greek καμπυλος, 'bent' or 'curved' and ὀδών...

  • Campylodoniscus ameghinoi
  • Argentina
    • Hypselosaurus
      Hypselosaurus
      Hypselosaurus was a long titanosaurid sauropod that lived in Europe during the Late Cretaceous Period .Hypselosaurus was scientifically described by geologist Pierre Émile Philippe Matheron in 1846 and formally named in...

  • Hypselosaurus priscus
  • Grès à Reptiles
    Grès à Reptiles
    Grès à Reptiles is a French fossil site in the département of Var preserving the remains of several types of dinosaurs and other extinct organisms.-Vertebrate paleofauna:...

    , France; Spain
    • Isisaurus
      Isisaurus
      Isisaurus is a genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period. Isisaurus was a sauropod , which lived in what is now India....

  • Isisaurus colberti
  • India
    • Jainosaurus
      Jainosaurus
      Jainosaurus is a large titanosaurian dinosaur of India and wider Asia, which lived in the Maastrichtian ....

  • Jainosaurus septentrionalis
  • India
    • Laplatasaurus
      Laplatasaurus
      Laplatasaurus is a genus of titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous in South America....

  • Laplatasaurus araukanicus
  • South America
    • Magyarosaurus
      Magyarosaurus
      Magyarosaurus is a genus of dwarf sauropod dinosaur from late Cretaceous Period in what is now Romania. It is one of the smallest-known adult sauropods, measuring only six meters in length. The type species is Magyarosaurus dacus...

  • Magyarosaurus dacus
  • Romania
    • Opisthocoelicaudia
      Opisthocoelicaudia
      Opisthocoelicaudia was 12-metre-long sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period discovered in Mongolia in 1965 by Polish and Mongolian scientists in what is now the Gobi Desert...

  • Opisthocoelocaudia skarzynskii
  • Mongolia
    • Puertasaurus
      Puertasaurus
      Puertasaurus is a genus of titanosaurid sauropod that appeared during the Late Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Patagonia. The type species, Puertasaurus reuili, is named in honor of Pablo Puerta and Santiago Reuil, the co-discoverers in January 2001 of the specimen...

  • Puertasaurus reuili
  • Argentina
    • Saltasaurus
      Saltasaurus
      Saltasaurus is a genus of titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period. Relatively small among sauropods, though still massive by the standards of modern creatures, Saltasaurus was characterized by a diplodocid-like head...

  • Saltasaurus loricatus
  • Argentina, Uruguay
    • Titanosaurus
      Titanosaurus
      Titanosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur, first described by Lydekker in 1877. It is known from the Maastrichtian Lameta Formation of India...

  • Titanosaurus indicus
  • Lameta Formation
    Lameta Formation
    The Lameta Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, India. It is of Maastrichtian age , and is notable for its dinosaur fossils...

    , India

    Squamates
    Squamata
    Squamata, or the scaled reptiles, is the largest recent order of reptiles, including lizards and snakes. Members of the order are distinguished by their skins, which bear horny scales or shields. They also possess movable quadrate bones, making it possible to move the upper jaw relative to the...

    Squamates of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Carinodens
      Carinodens
      Carinodens is a genus of mosasaur. It was named in 1969 as a replacement for Compressidens, which was already in use for a mollusk. Measuring approximately in length, it is one of the smallest known mosasaurs. It is widely considered a sister taxon to Globidens. It also had round, blunt teeth for...

    • Carinodens belgicus

    • Globidens
      Globidens
      Globidens is an extinct genus of mosasaur lizard.Globidens alabamaensis was first described by Gilmore . A second species was described by Russell . The third North American species Globidens ("Globe teeth") is an extinct genus of mosasaur lizard.Globidens alabamaensis was first described by...

  • Goronyosaurus
    Goronyosaurus
    Goronyosaurus nigeriensis is a species of crocodile-like mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous of Sokoto State, Niger and northwestern Nigeria.-External links:*...

    1. Goronyosaurus nigeriensis
    • Hainosaurus
      Hainosaurus
      Hainosaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. It was one of the largest mosasaurs, though its size has been revised more than once. At first it was estimated to be , and the largest mosasaurid. During the 1990s, its size was revised to long; more recently,...

  • Hainosaurus bernardi
  • Hainosaurus gaudryi
    • Halisaurus
      Halisaurus
      Halisaurus is an extinct genus of marine lizard belonging to the mosasaur family. With a length of 3–4 m , it was small compared to most other mosasaurs. It was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1869, but renamed Baptosaurus by Marsh in 1870, who thought the name was already in use by a fish...

  • Halisaurus platyspondylus
    • Igdamanosaurus
      Igdamanosaurus
      Igdamanosaurus is a genus of mosasaur from the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous of Africa.-References:* Fossil Vertebrates - Fauna and Concepts by W. Sargeant and William A.S. Sargeant...

  • Igdamanosaurus aegyptiacus
    • Liodon
      Liodon
      Liodon is a genus of mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous. Remains assigned to this genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, America and South America, and New Zealand. It was first named by Richard Owen as Leiodon, but that name was already in use for a fish, necessitating the name...

  • Liodon sectorius
    • Mosasaurus
      Mosasaurus
      Mosasaurus is a genus of mosasaur, carnivorous, aquatic lizards, somewhat resembling flippered crocodiles, with elongated heavy jaws. The genus existed during the Maastrichtian age of the Cretaceous period , around 70-65 millions years ago in the area of modern Western Europe and North America...

  • Mosasaurus dekayi
  • Mosasaurus hoffmanni
  • Mosasaurus mokoroa
    • Palaeophis
      Palaeophis
      Palaeophis is an extinct genus of snake. The sea-dwelling creature was initially thought to have been the largest snake ever, reaching the almost mythical length of 30–40 m , but recent estimates put its length at about 9 m , about as long as the modern green anaconda and reticulated python....

  • Platecarpus
    Platecarpus
    Platecarpus is an extinct genus of aquatic lizard belonging to the mosasaur family, living around 75 million years ago during the end of the Cretaceous period. Fossils have been found in Belgium and the United States as well as a possible specimen in Africa. Platecarpus probably fed on fish,...

  • Platecarpus bocagei
    • Plesiotylosaurus
      Plesiotylosaurus
      Plesiotylosaurus is a genus of mosasaur from the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous of North America.-References:* Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California by Richard P. Hilton, Kevin Padian, and Ken Kirkland...

  • Plesiotylosaurus crassidens
    • Plotosaurus
      Plotosaurus
      Plotosaurus is an extinct genus of mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Fresno County, California. Originally named Kolposaurus by Berkeley paleontologist Charles Lewis Camp in 1942, it was changed to Plotosaurus in 1951 when Camp discovered the name had already been assigned to a type of...

  • Plotosaurus tuckeri
    • Pluridens
      Pluridens
      Pluridens walkeri was a species of ichthyosaur-like mosasaur. It lived in what are Niger and Nigeria, from the Late Cretaceous....

  • Pluridens walkeri
    • Prognathodon
      Prognathodon
      Prognathodon is an extinct genus of marine reptile belonging to the mosasaur family. It had protective bony rings surrounding its eye sockets, indicating it lived in deep water. its fossil remains have been found in the U.S.A , Canada , Belgium, New Zealand, Morocco and The Netherlands...

  • Prognathodon waiparaensis
    • Taniwhasaurus
      Taniwhasaurus
      Taniwhasaurus is an extinct genus of mosasaur, a carnivorous, marine reptile which inhabited New Zealand, Japan and Antarctica. The genus was a close relative of the genera Tylosaurus and Hainosaurus.-Species:-T...

  • Taniwhasaurus oweni
    • Tylosaurus
      Tylosaurus
      Tylosaurus was a mosasaur, a large, predatory marine lizard closely related to modern monitor lizards and to snakes.-Paleobiology:...


    Theropods
    Theropoda
    Theropoda is both a suborder of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs, and a clade consisting of that suborder and its descendants . Dinosaurs belonging to the suborder theropoda were primarily carnivorous, although a number of theropod groups evolved herbivory, omnivory, and insectivory...

    Non-avian
    Paraphyly
    A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...

     theropods
    Theropoda
    Theropoda is both a suborder of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs, and a clade consisting of that suborder and its descendants . Dinosaurs belonging to the suborder theropoda were primarily carnivorous, although a number of theropod groups evolved herbivory, omnivory, and insectivory...

     of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Adasaurus
      Adasaurus
      Adasaurus is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Central Asia. It was a small bipedal carnivore with a sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot. An adult was perhaps about long....

    1. Adasaurus mongoliensis
    Nemegt Formation
    Nemegt Formation
    The Nemegt Formation is a geological formation dating from the Late Cretaceous sedimentary from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. It overlies and sometimes forms folds with the Barun Goyot Formation. It consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, birds and a...

    , Mongolia
    Dromaeosaurid dinosaur, probably 2.5 meters long; unique in having relatively small sickle claws on its hind feet.

    • Albertosaurus
      Albertosaurus
      Albertosaurus is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous Period, more than 70 million years ago. The type species, A. sarcophagus, was apparently restricted in range to the modern-day Canadian province of Alberta, after which...

    1. Albertosaurus sarcophagus
    Alberta, Saskatchewan, Canada; Mexico; Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming
    • Alioramus
      Alioramus
      Alioramus is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of Asia. The type A. remotus, is known from a partial skull and three metatarsals recovered from Mongolian sediments which were deposited in a humid floodplain between 70 and 65 million years ago. These...

  • Alioramus remotus
    • Anserimimus
      Anserimimus
      Anserimimus is a genus of ornithomimid theropod dinosaur, from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now Mongolia. It was a lanky, fast-running animal, possibly an omnivore...

  • Anserimimus planinychus
    • Atrociraptor
      Atrociraptor
      Atrociraptor is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada....

  • Atrociraptor marshalli
    • Avimimus
      Avimimus
      Avimimus , meaning "bird mimic" , was a genus of bird-like maniraptoran dinosaur that lived in the late Cretaceous in what is now Mongolia, around 70 million years ago.-Description:...

  • Avimimus portentosus
  • Nemegt Formation
    Nemegt Formation
    The Nemegt Formation is a geological formation dating from the Late Cretaceous sedimentary from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. It overlies and sometimes forms folds with the Barun Goyot Formation. It consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, birds and a...

    , Mongolia
    • Bagaraatan
      Bagaraatan
      Bagaraatan was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period. Its fossils were found in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Bagaraatan may have been around 3–4 metres in length....

  • Bagaraatan ostromi
    • Bahariasaurus
      Bahariasaurus
      Bahariasaurus is a genus of large theropod dinosaur found in the Bahariya Formation in El-Waha el-Bahariya or Bahariya oasis in Egypt and Kem Kem Beds of North Africa, which date to the late Cretaceous Period, , about 95 million years ago...

  • Bahariasaurus ingens
    • Borogovia
      Borogovia
      Borogovia was a theropod dinosaur genus which lived during the Late Cretaceous Period, in what is now Mongolia. The agile carnivorous troodontid takes its name from creatures known as 'borogoves' in the Lewis Carroll poem, Jabberwocky....

  • Borogovia gracilicrus
  • A poorly known genus of Mongolia
    Mongolia
    Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

    n predatory troodontid of about six feet in length. The genus gets its name from creatures known as "borogoves" in the Lewis Carroll
    Lewis Carroll
    Charles Lutwidge Dodgson , better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll , was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the...

     poem Jabberwocky
    Jabberwocky
    "Jabberwocky" is a nonsense verse poem written by Lewis Carroll in his 1872 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland...

    . Known only from a partial set of hind limbs.
    • Bradycneme
      Bradycneme
      Bradycneme is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the early Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Sânpetru Formation of the Haţeg Basin, Transylvania, Romania. It is known only from a partial right lower leg , which its describers believed came from a giant owl.-History:Harrison and Walker described...

  • Bradycneme draculae
  • Formerly believed to be a giant owl
    Owl
    Owls are a group of birds that belong to the order Strigiformes, constituting 200 bird of prey species. Most are solitary and nocturnal, with some exceptions . Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish...

    , its scientific name means "Evil Slowleg". Found in Transylvania
    Transylvania
    Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...

    , the allusion to Count Dracula
    Count Dracula
    Count Dracula is a fictional character, the titular antagonist of Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula and archetypal vampire. Some aspects of his character have been inspired by the 15th century Romanian general and Wallachian Prince Vlad III the Impaler...

     would seem deliberate.
    • Carnotaurus
      Carnotaurus
      Carnotaurus was a large predatory dinosaur. Only one species, Carnotaurus sastrei has been described so far.Carnotaurus lived in Patagonia, Argentina during the Campanian or Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous...

  • Carnotaurus sastrei
  • A large Argentinian predator that attained lengths of up to 10 m (30 ft), Carnotaurus is notable for its short snout, the horns above its eyes and its somewhat vestigial forelimbs. Known from a single complete specimen which had skin impressions preserved that showed it had no feathers.
    • Chirostenotes
      Chirostenotes
      Chirostenotes is a genus of oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. The type species is Chirostenotes pergracilis. Some researchers recognize a second species, C...

  • Deinocheirus
    Deinocheirus
    Deinocheirus is a genus of large theropod dinosaur, possibly an ornithomimosaurian, which lived in what is now southern Mongolia, during the late Cretaceous Period .-Discovery and naming:...

  • Deinocheirus mirificus
    • Dromaeosaurus
      Dromaeosaurus
      Dromaeosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur which lived during the Late Cretaceous period , sometime between 76.5 and 74.8 million years ago, in the western United States and Alberta, Canada. The name means 'running lizard'....

  • Dromiceiomimus
  • Dromiceiomimus brevitertius
    • Dryptosaurus
      Dryptosaurus
      Dryptosaurus was a genus of primitive tyrannosaur that lived in Eastern North America during the middle Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period. Although largely unknown now outside of academic circles, a famous painting of the genus by Charles R...

  • Dryptosaurus aquilunguis
    • Elmisaurus
      Elmisaurus
      Elmisaurus is an extinct genus of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It was a theropod belonging to the Oviraptorosauria. Its fossils have been found in Asia and North America. It is known from only its feet and hands....

  • Elmisaurus rarus
    • Elopteryx
      Elopteryx
      Elopteryx is a genus of troodontid maniraptoran theropod dinosaur based on fragmentary fossils found in late Cretaceous Period rocks of Romania. These fossils date from the early-mid Maastrichtian faunal stage, c.71-68 million years ago...

  • Elopteryx nopcsai
    • Erliansaurus
      Erliansaurus
      Erliansaurus is a genus of therizinosauroid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China.A fossil of Erliansaurus was found near Sanhangobi in Inner-Mongolia. The type species, Erliansaurus bellamanus, was described by Xu Xing, Zhang Xiaohong, Paul Sereno, Zhao Xijin, Kuang Xuewen, Han Jun...

  • Erliansaurus bellamanus
    • Euronychodon
      Euronychodon
      Euronychodon is the name given to a genus of coelurosaur dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous, described by Miguel Telles Antunes and Denise Sigogneau-Russell in 1991. It is similar to another coelurosaur, Paronychodon....

  • Euronychodon portucalensis
    • Gallimimus
      Gallimimus
      Gallimimus is a genus of ornithomimid theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. With individuals as long as , it was one of the largest ornithomimosaurs...

  • Gallimimus bullatus
    • Gigantoraptor
      Gigantoraptor
      Gigantoraptor is a genus of giant oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago during the late Cretaceous Period. It was discovered in 2005 in the Iren Dabasu Formation, Erlian basin, in Inner Mongolia.-Discovery and naming:...

  • Gigantoraptor erlianensis
    • Heptasteornis
      Heptasteornis
      Heptasteornis is the name given to a dubious genus of small dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. The type species is Heptasteornis andrewsi, described as a presumed gigantic prehistoric owl in 1975...

  • Heptasteornis andrewsi
    • Laevisuchus
      Laevisuchus
      Laevisuchus is a genus of abelisauroid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous.Its remains were discovered by Charles Alfred Matley near Jabalpur in Maastrichtian deposits in the Lameta Formation in India, and named and described by paleontologists Friedrich von Huene and Matley in 1933. The...

  • Laevisuchus indicus
    • Majungasaurus
      Majungasaurus
      Majungasaurus is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in Madagascar from 70 to 65.5 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Only one species has been identified...

  • Majungasaurus crenatissimus
    • Masiakasaurus
      Masiakasaurus
      Masiakasaurus was a small predatory theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. It was named in 2001 by Scott D. Sampson, Matthew Carrano, and Catherine A. Forster. Unlike most theropods, the front teeth of Masiakasaurus projected forward instead of straight down...

  • Masiakasaurus knopfleri
    • Nanotyrannus
      Nanotyrannus
      Nanotyrannus is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur, known only from two juvenile specimens, which may in fact represent juvenile specimens of the contemporary species Tyrannosaurus rex.-History:...

  • Nanotyrannus lancensis
  • May be a juvenile Tyrannosaurus or other tyrannosaurid.
    • Noasaurus
      Noasaurus
      Noasaurus is the name given to a carnivorous dinosaur genus of the late Campanian-Maastrichtian...

  • Noasaurus leali
    • Nomingia
      Nomingia
      Nomingia is a genus of oviraptorid theropod dinosaur hailing from the Late Cretaceous Bugin Tsav Beds of Mongolia.-Discovery and naming:...

  • Nomingia gobiensis
    • Ornithomimus
      Ornithomimus
      Ornithomimus is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America.In 1890 Ornithomimus velox was named by Othniel Charles Marsh on the basis of a foot and partial hand from the Maastrichtian Denver Formation. Another seventeen species have been named since...

  • Paronychodon
    Paronychodon
    Paronychodon was a theropod dinosaur genus. It is a tooth taxon, considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include "buckets" of teeth but no other remains...

  • Paronychodon lacustris
    • Pyroraptor
      Pyroraptor
      Pyroraptor is a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous Period of France. It is known from a single specimen. It was found in 1992 in the south of France, in Provence, and is known only from a few bones. It was named Pyroraptor olympius by Allain and Taquet in 2000. The name means...

  • Pyroraptor olympius
    • Richardoestesia
  • Saurornitholestes
    Saurornitholestes
    Saurornitholestes is a genus of carnivorous dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Alberta, Montana and New Mexico....

  • Struthiomimus
    Struthiomimus
    Struthiomimus is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. It was a long-legged, ostrich-like dinosaur.The bipedal Struthiomimus stood about long and tall at the hips and weighed around...

  • Struthiomimus altus
    • Tarbosaurus
      Tarbosaurus
      Tarbosaurus is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that flourished in Asia about 70 million years ago, at the end of the Late Cretaceous Period. Fossils have been recovered in Mongolia, with more fragmentary remains found further afield in parts of China. Although many species have been...

  • Tarbosaurus bataar
    • Therizinosaurus
      Therizinosaurus
      Therizinosaurus is a genus of very large theropod dinosaur. Therizinosaurus lived in the late Cretaceous Period , and was one of the last and largest representatives of its unique group, the Therizinosauria...

  • Therizinosaurus cheloniformis
    • Tochisaurus
      Tochisaurus
      Tochisaurus is a genus of small theropod dinosaur. It lived during the Late Cretaceous Period. Its fossils, consisting solely of the metatarsus, were found in Mongolia. The type species is T. nemegtensis, formalized by Kurzanov and Osmólska in 1991...

  • Tochisaurus nemegtensis
    • Troodon
      Troodon
      Troodon is a genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period . Discovered in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America...

  • Troodon formosus
    • Tyrannosaurus
      Tyrannosaurus
      Tyrannosaurus meaning "tyrant," and sauros meaning "lizard") is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur. The species Tyrannosaurus rex , commonly abbreviated to T. rex, is a fixture in popular culture. It lived throughout what is now western North America, with a much wider range than other...

  • Tyrannosaurus rex
    • Variraptor
      Variraptor
      Variraptor is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of France.Between 1992 and 1995 amateur paleontologists Patrick Méchin and Annie Méchin-Salessy uncovered the remains of a small theropod in the Grès à Reptiles Formation at La Bastide Neuve, near Fox-Amphoux...

  • Variraptor mechinorum

  • Turtle
    Turtle
    Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines , characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a shield...

    s

    Testudines of the Maastrichtian
    Taxa Presence Location Description Images
    • Dollochelys
  • Peritresius
  • Pneumatoarthrus
    Pneumatoarthrus
    Pneumatoarthrus is a Cretaceous sea turtle first identified by Edward Drinker Cope as a hadrosaur in 1870. The fossils were found in the chalk beds of Kansas. It may be synonymous with the better known Atlantochelys, and therefore a close relative of the giant sea turtle Archelon.-References:Baird,...

      • Pneumatoarthrus peloreus

    Kansas
    Kansas
    Kansas is a US state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south...

    A Kansan genus of sea turtle
    Sea turtle
    Sea turtles are marine reptiles that inhabit all of the world's oceans except the Arctic.-Distribution:...

     mistakenly believed to be a hadrosaur by Edward Drinker Cope
    Edward Drinker Cope
    Edward Drinker Cope was an American paleontologist and comparative anatomist, as well as a noted herpetologist and ichthyologist. Born to a wealthy Quaker family, Cope distinguished himself as a child prodigy interested in science; he published his first scientific paper at the age of nineteen...

    . The only known species of Pneumatoarthrus to date.

    See also

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