Education and early employment

• Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris – Fulbright Fellowship (1967–1968)
• University of Chicago – Associate of Political Economy/Doctorate in Economics
• Professor of Economics at the University of Paris-II

Training, employment and political career

• Deputy UDF for Maine-et-Loire
  Maine-et-Loire
  Maine-et-Loire is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.- History :Maine-et-Loire is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. Originally it was called Mayenne-et-Loire, but its name was changed to Maine-et-Loire in 1791....
  
   from 1978 to 1993
• General Council Member for the District of Longué-Jumelles
  Longué-Jumelles
  Longué-Jumelles is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France....
  
   (Maine-et-Loire
  Maine-et-Loire
  Maine-et-Loire is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.- History :Maine-et-Loire is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. Originally it was called Mayenne-et-Loire, but its name was changed to Maine-et-Loire in 1791....
  
  ) from 1976 to March 2008.
• President of the General Council of Maine-et-Loire (1994–1995)
• Mayor of Longué-Jumelles
  Longué-Jumelles
  Longué-Jumelles is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France....
  
   from 1977 to March 2008.
• Minister of Economy from 1993 to 1995 under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur
  Édouard Balladur
  Édouard Balladur is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.-Biography:Balladur was born in İzmir, Turkey, to an Armenian Catholic family with five children and long-standing ties to France...
  
  .

Minister of Economy

• He was Minister of Economy from 1993 to 1995 during the government of Édouard Balladur
  Édouard Balladur
  Édouard Balladur is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.-Biography:Balladur was born in İzmir, Turkey, to an Armenian Catholic family with five children and long-standing ties to France...
  
  . Some of his most notable actions as Minister are:
• Act of 19 July 1993: privatization program (Credit Local de France, Rhone-Poulenc, Banque Nationale de Paris, Elf-Aquitaine, Union des Assurances de Paris, Seita)
• Increased state participation in the capital of Renault
• Restructuring of public enterprises in financial review (Air France, Credit Lyonnais). He said that the mounting rescue Credit Lyonnais would be "painless for the taxpayers," while according to an estimate of the Court of Auditors in 1999, the loss would be 14.8 billion euros
• Change in the status of the Banque de France (Act of 4 August 1993)
• Stimulating household consumption (premium States for the purchase of new motor vehicles)
• Entering into final negotiations of the Uruguay Round
• Convincing member states of the franc zone to accept a substantial devaluation of the CFA franc
• Publication of the Consumer Code.

Later positions

• President of Électricité de France
  Électricité de France
  Électricité de France S.A. is the second largest French utility company. Headquartered in Paris, France, with €65.2 billion in revenues in 2010, EDF operates a diverse portfolio of 120,000+ megawatts of generation capacity in Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa.EDF is one of...
  
   (EDF Energy) from 1995 to 1998
• Director of the think-tank Friends of Europe
  Friends of Europe
  Friends of Europe is a Brussels-based, not-for-profit think tank for European Union policy analysis and debate.-History:The organisation, established in 1999, has no political or national allegiance and is independent of the EU institutions...
  
  
• Member of the Trilateral Commission
  Trilateral Commission
  The Trilateral Commission is a non-governmental, non-partisan discussion group founded by David Rockefeller in July 1973 to foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europe and Japan.-History:...
  
  
• Chairman of the Board of Directors of CNP Assurances
  CNP Assurances
  CNP Assurances S.A. is a major French insurance corporation. CNP stands for Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance. It is listed on the Fortune Global 500. The company was formed in 1959 as a subsidiary of Caisse des dépôts et consignations, which continues to hold approximately 40% of the company....
  
   and CNP International.
• Member of the Committee on the Present Danger
  Committee on the Present Danger
  The Committee on the Present Danger is an American foreign policy interest group. Its current stated single goal is "to stiffen American resolve to confront the challenge presented by terrorism and the ideologies that drive it" through "education and advocacy"...
  
  
• Chairman of the Centre des Professions Financières
• Director of Suez, Calyon, Icade of Caixa Seguros (Brazil), CNP Capitalia Vita (Italy), the media company Parisian Posters of * GT Finance
• Member of the European Advisory Board to Lehman Brothers
  Lehman Brothers
  Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. was a global financial services firm. Before declaring bankruptcy in 2008, Lehman was the fourth largest investment bank in the USA , doing business in investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales and trading Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (former NYSE ticker...