EBay v. Bidder's Edge
Encyclopedia
eBay v. Bidder's Edge, 100 F.Supp.2d 1058 (N.D. Cal. 2000), was a leading case applying the trespass to chattels
doctrine to online activities. In 2000, eBay
, an online auction company, successfully used the 'trespass to chattels' theory to obtain a preliminary injunction preventing Bidder’s Edge, an auction data aggregator, from using a 'crawler
' to gather data from eBay’s website. The opinion was a leading case applying 'trespass to chattels' to online activities, although its analysis has been criticized in more recent jurisprudence.
In early 1998, eBay allowed BE to include Beanie Babies
and Furbies
auction listings in BE’s database. It is unclear whether BE scraped these listings from eBay or linked to them in some other format. However, on April 24, 1999, eBay verbally approved BE automatically “crawling” the eBay web site for a period of 90 days.
During this time, the parties contemplated striking a formal license agreement. These negotiations did not conclude successfully because the parties could not agree on technical issues. Subsequently, in early 1999, BE added auction listings from many other sites in its database, including eBay’s. Despite the integration of many websites’ listings, nearly 69% of the listings in BE’s database were from eBay.
eBay wanted BE to access the eBay system only when a BE user queried the BE system. Doing so would increase the accuracy/currency of the data BE presented to its users and impose a lighter load on eBay’s network. BE accessed eBay approximately 100,000 times a day, constituting about 1.53% of eBay’s total daily requests. BE wanted to periodically crawl eBay’s entire website to compile its own auction database, which would increase the speed of BE’s response to user queries and allow BE to notify its users when eBay auctions changed.
In late August or early September 1999, eBay requested by telephone that BE cease posting eBay auction listings on its site. BE agreed to do so. In October 1999, BE learned that other auction aggregations sites were including information about eBay auctions.
On November 2, 1999, BE issued a press release indicating that it had resumed including eBay auction listings on its site. On November 9, 1999, eBay sent BE a letter reasserting that BE's activities were unauthorized, insisting that BE cease accessing the eBay site, alleging that BE's activities constituted a trespass of eBay’s chattels and offering to license BE's activities.
s to evade eBay's IP address blocks. Information requests sent though such servers cannot easily be traced back to the originating IP Address
, which allowed Bidder’s Edge to evade eBay’s attempts to block queries from the originating IP address.
, (2) False Advertising Under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)
, (3) Trademark Dilution
, (4) violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030
, (5) Unfair Competition
(6) Misappropriation
(7) Interference with prospective economic advantage
and (8) Unjust Enrichment
.
BE filed antitrust counterclaims on February 7, 2000. The counterclaims charged eBay with monopolization, attempted monopolization, unfair business practices and interference with contractual relations.
On May 24, 2000, District Court Judge Whyte found that eBay had established a sufficient likelihood of prevailing on the trespass claim to support eBay’s requested injunctive relief. Because the court found eBay entitled to the relief requested based on its trespass claim, the court did not address the remaining claims. The opinion first addressed the merits of the trespass claim, then BE's arguments regarding copyright preemption of the trespass claim, and finally the public interest.
Trespass To Chattels
The court said that eBay’s trespass to chattels claim required it to show that: 1) Bidder’s Edge intentionally and without authorization interfered with eBay’s possessory interest in the computer system; and 2) Bidder’s Edge’s unauthorized use proximately resulted in damage to eBay. eBay argued that BE’s use was unauthorized and intentional. The court said that eBay had not permitted BE’s activity simply by having a website available over the Internet. BE had violated eBay’s terms of use and ignored eBay’s requests to stop using its crawlers. BE responded that it was not causing eBay irreparable harm because its activity (80,000-100,000 hits per day) represented only a small fraction (approximately 1½ percent) of the overall activity on eBay's site. eBay acknowledged that BE’s activity was only a relatively slight interference with eBay's servers.
Nevertheless, the court found that although BE’s interference was not substantial, “any intermeddling with or use of another’s personal property” established BE’s possessory interference with eBay’s chattel. Further, BE’s use of eBay’s bandwidth and system resources, even though small, harmed eBay because other companies might follow BE’s example: “If the court were to hold otherwise, it would likely encourage other auction aggregators to crawl the eBay site, potentially to the point of denying effective access to eBay’s customers. If preliminary injunctive relief were denied, and other aggregators began to crawl the eBay site, there appears to be little doubt that the load on eBay’s computer system would qualify as a substantial impairment of condition or value.”
Public Interest
The parties argued that the Internet would cease to function if, according to eBay, personal and intellectual property rights were not respected, or, according to BE, if information published on the Internet could not be universally accessed and used.
The court suspected that the Internet would not only survive but continue to grow and develop regardless of its ruling. The court noted that particularly on the limited record available at the preliminary injunction stage, it was unable to determine whether the general public interest factors favored or opposed a preliminary injunction
.
BE also argued that eBay engaged in anticompetitive behavior. However, the district court was not obligated to consider the merits of any antitrust counterclaims once it decided that eBay had a likelihood of success on the merits.
Order
Based on its findings, the court issued a preliminary injunction against BE from “using any automated query program, robot, or similar device to access eBay’s computer systems or networks for the purpose of copying any part of eBay’s auction database.”
bought OpenSite.
eBay and Bidder’s Edge settled their legal disputes in March 2001. As part of the settlement, Bidder’s Edge paid eBay an undisclosed amount and agreed not to access and re-post eBay's auction information. The settlement also required BE to drop its appeal of the preliminary injunction. Meanwhile, Bidder’s Edge shut down its website on February 21, 2001."
, a case interpreting California’s common law trespass to chattels.
The Hamidi court considered the eBay court analysis, which stated that if BE’s activity were allowed to continue unchecked, it would encourage other auction aggregators to engage in similar searching which would cause eBay irreparable harm. In analyzing this point, the Hamidi court stated,“[W]e do not read [eBay decision] as expressing the court’s complete view of the issue. In isolation, moreover, [it] would not be a correct statement of California or general American law on this point.” As a result, the opinion may no longer be valid precedent.
Further, since eBay was issued, some courts have become more circumspect about the "slippery slope" argument that eBay successfully made about additional crawlers following BE’s lead. For example, in "White Buffalo Ventures LLC v. University of Texas at Austin", the Fifth Circuit said "Since the spider does not cause physical injury to the chattel, there must be some evidence that the use or utility of the computer (or computer network) being 'spiderized' is adversely affected by the use of the spider. No such evidence is presented here. This court respectfully disagrees with other district courts' finding that mere use of a spider to enter a publicly available web site to gather information, without more, is sufficient to fulfill the harm requirement for trespass to chattels.”
Trespass to chattels
Trespass to chattels is a tort whereby the infringing party has intentionally interfered with another person's lawful possession of a chattel...
doctrine to online activities. In 2000, eBay
EBay
eBay Inc. is an American internet consumer-to-consumer corporation that manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide...
, an online auction company, successfully used the 'trespass to chattels' theory to obtain a preliminary injunction preventing Bidder’s Edge, an auction data aggregator, from using a 'crawler
Web crawler
A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. Other terms for Web crawlers are ants, automatic indexers, bots, Web spiders, Web robots, or—especially in the FOAF community—Web scutters.This process is called Web...
' to gather data from eBay’s website. The opinion was a leading case applying 'trespass to chattels' to online activities, although its analysis has been criticized in more recent jurisprudence.
Origins of dispute
Bidder’s Edge (“BE”) was founded in 1997 as an “aggregator” of auction listings. Its website provided a database of auction listings that BE automatically collected from various auction sites, including eBay. Accordingly, BE’s users could easily search auction listings from throughout the web rather than having to go to each individual auction site. An archived version of the Bidder’s Edge web page from November 9, 2000 from Archive.org is available here..In early 1998, eBay allowed BE to include Beanie Babies
Beanie Baby
A Beanie Baby is a stuffed animal, made by Ty Warner Inc., which was later renamed as Ty Inc. in late 1993. Each toy has an inner "posable lining" and is stuffed with plastic pellets rather than conventional stuffing , giving Beanie Babies a flexible feel.The original nine Beanie Babies launched...
and Furbies
Furby
A Furby was a popular electronic robotic toy resembling a hamster/owl-like creature which went through a period of being a "must-have" toy following its launch in the holiday season of 1998, with continual sales until 2000...
auction listings in BE’s database. It is unclear whether BE scraped these listings from eBay or linked to them in some other format. However, on April 24, 1999, eBay verbally approved BE automatically “crawling” the eBay web site for a period of 90 days.
During this time, the parties contemplated striking a formal license agreement. These negotiations did not conclude successfully because the parties could not agree on technical issues. Subsequently, in early 1999, BE added auction listings from many other sites in its database, including eBay’s. Despite the integration of many websites’ listings, nearly 69% of the listings in BE’s database were from eBay.
eBay wanted BE to access the eBay system only when a BE user queried the BE system. Doing so would increase the accuracy/currency of the data BE presented to its users and impose a lighter load on eBay’s network. BE accessed eBay approximately 100,000 times a day, constituting about 1.53% of eBay’s total daily requests. BE wanted to periodically crawl eBay’s entire website to compile its own auction database, which would increase the speed of BE’s response to user queries and allow BE to notify its users when eBay auctions changed.
Further developments leading to suit
Due to the disagreement regarding technical issues, at the end of the 90 day period, eBay notified BE that its activities were no longer permitted, but eBay offered again to license BE’s activities. BE did not accept eBay’s offer.In late August or early September 1999, eBay requested by telephone that BE cease posting eBay auction listings on its site. BE agreed to do so. In October 1999, BE learned that other auction aggregations sites were including information about eBay auctions.
On November 2, 1999, BE issued a press release indicating that it had resumed including eBay auction listings on its site. On November 9, 1999, eBay sent BE a letter reasserting that BE's activities were unauthorized, insisting that BE cease accessing the eBay site, alleging that BE's activities constituted a trespass of eBay’s chattels and offering to license BE's activities.
IP address blocking and proxy
As a result, eBay attempted to block BE from accessing the eBay site; by the end of November 1999, eBay had blocked a total of 169 IP addresses it believed BE was using to query eBay's system. BE continued crawling eBay's site by using proxy serverProxy server
In computer networks, a proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server...
s to evade eBay's IP address blocks. Information requests sent though such servers cannot easily be traced back to the originating IP Address
IP address
An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing...
, which allowed Bidder’s Edge to evade eBay’s attempts to block queries from the originating IP address.
The lawsuits
eBay sued Bidder’s Edge on December 10, 1999 in the Northern District of California federal court. eBay moved for a preliminary injunction on the following causes of action: (1) Trespass to ChattelsTrespass to chattels
Trespass to chattels is a tort whereby the infringing party has intentionally interfered with another person's lawful possession of a chattel...
, (2) False Advertising Under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)
Lanham Act
The Lanham Act is a piece of legislation that contains the federal statutes of trademark law in the United States. The Act prohibits a number of activities, including trademark infringement, trademark dilution, and false advertising.-History:Named for Representative Fritz G...
, (3) Trademark Dilution
Trademark dilution
Trademark dilution is a trademark law concept giving the owner of a famous trademark standing to forbid others from using that mark in a way that would lessen its uniqueness. In most cases, trademark dilution involves an unauthorized use of another's trademark on products that do not compete with,...
, (4) violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1986, intended to reduce cracking of computer systems and to address federal computer-related offenses...
, (5) Unfair Competition
Unfair competition
Unfair competition in a sense means that the competitors compete on unequal terms, because favourable or disadvantageous conditions are applied to some competitors but not to others; or that the actions of some competitors actively harm the position of others with respect to their ability to...
(6) Misappropriation
Misappropriation
In law, misappropriation is the intentional, illegal use of the property or funds of another person for one's own use or other unauthorized purpose, particularly by a public official, a trustee of a trust, an executor or administrator of a dead person's estate or by any person with a responsibility...
(7) Interference with prospective economic advantage
Tortious interference
Tortious interference, also known as intentional interference with contractual relations, in the common law of tort, occurs when a person intentionally damages the plaintiff's contractual or other business relationships...
and (8) Unjust Enrichment
Unjust enrichment
Unjust enrichment is a legal term denoting a particular type of causative event in which one party is unjustly enriched at the expense of another, and an obligation to make restitution arises, regardless of liability for wrongdoing.Definition:...
.
BE filed antitrust counterclaims on February 7, 2000. The counterclaims charged eBay with monopolization, attempted monopolization, unfair business practices and interference with contractual relations.
On May 24, 2000, District Court Judge Whyte found that eBay had established a sufficient likelihood of prevailing on the trespass claim to support eBay’s requested injunctive relief. Because the court found eBay entitled to the relief requested based on its trespass claim, the court did not address the remaining claims. The opinion first addressed the merits of the trespass claim, then BE's arguments regarding copyright preemption of the trespass claim, and finally the public interest.
Trespass To Chattels
The court said that eBay’s trespass to chattels claim required it to show that: 1) Bidder’s Edge intentionally and without authorization interfered with eBay’s possessory interest in the computer system; and 2) Bidder’s Edge’s unauthorized use proximately resulted in damage to eBay. eBay argued that BE’s use was unauthorized and intentional. The court said that eBay had not permitted BE’s activity simply by having a website available over the Internet. BE had violated eBay’s terms of use and ignored eBay’s requests to stop using its crawlers. BE responded that it was not causing eBay irreparable harm because its activity (80,000-100,000 hits per day) represented only a small fraction (approximately 1½ percent) of the overall activity on eBay's site. eBay acknowledged that BE’s activity was only a relatively slight interference with eBay's servers.
Nevertheless, the court found that although BE’s interference was not substantial, “any intermeddling with or use of another’s personal property” established BE’s possessory interference with eBay’s chattel. Further, BE’s use of eBay’s bandwidth and system resources, even though small, harmed eBay because other companies might follow BE’s example: “If the court were to hold otherwise, it would likely encourage other auction aggregators to crawl the eBay site, potentially to the point of denying effective access to eBay’s customers. If preliminary injunctive relief were denied, and other aggregators began to crawl the eBay site, there appears to be little doubt that the load on eBay’s computer system would qualify as a substantial impairment of condition or value.”
Public Interest
The parties argued that the Internet would cease to function if, according to eBay, personal and intellectual property rights were not respected, or, according to BE, if information published on the Internet could not be universally accessed and used.
The court suspected that the Internet would not only survive but continue to grow and develop regardless of its ruling. The court noted that particularly on the limited record available at the preliminary injunction stage, it was unable to determine whether the general public interest factors favored or opposed a preliminary injunction
Injunction
An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that requires a party to do or refrain from doing certain acts. A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions...
.
BE also argued that eBay engaged in anticompetitive behavior. However, the district court was not obligated to consider the merits of any antitrust counterclaims once it decided that eBay had a likelihood of success on the merits.
Order
Based on its findings, the court issued a preliminary injunction against BE from “using any automated query program, robot, or similar device to access eBay’s computer systems or networks for the purpose of copying any part of eBay’s auction database.”
Subsequent developments and negative history
One day after it filed federal antitrust charges against eBay, Bidder's Edge announced it would be acquired by OpenSite, an auction software company. However, the deal fell through when Siebel SystemsSiebel Systems
Siebel CRM Systems, Inc. was a software company principally engaged in the design, development, marketing, and support of customer relationship management applications. The company was founded by Thomas Siebel in 1993. At first known mainly for its sales force automation products, the company...
bought OpenSite.
eBay and Bidder’s Edge settled their legal disputes in March 2001. As part of the settlement, Bidder’s Edge paid eBay an undisclosed amount and agreed not to access and re-post eBay's auction information. The settlement also required BE to drop its appeal of the preliminary injunction. Meanwhile, Bidder’s Edge shut down its website on February 21, 2001."
Now questionable precedent
In 2003, the California Supreme Court implicitly overruled the "eBay v. Bidder’s Edge" opinion in "Intel v. Hamidi"Intel Corp. v. Hamidi
Intel Corp. v. Hamidi, 30 Cal. 4th 1342 , is a decision of the California Supreme Court, authored by Associate Justice Kathryn Werdegar...
, a case interpreting California’s common law trespass to chattels.
The Hamidi court considered the eBay court analysis, which stated that if BE’s activity were allowed to continue unchecked, it would encourage other auction aggregators to engage in similar searching which would cause eBay irreparable harm. In analyzing this point, the Hamidi court stated,“[W]e do not read [eBay decision] as expressing the court’s complete view of the issue. In isolation, moreover, [it] would not be a correct statement of California or general American law on this point.” As a result, the opinion may no longer be valid precedent.
Further, since eBay was issued, some courts have become more circumspect about the "slippery slope" argument that eBay successfully made about additional crawlers following BE’s lead. For example, in "White Buffalo Ventures LLC v. University of Texas at Austin", the Fifth Circuit said "Since the spider does not cause physical injury to the chattel, there must be some evidence that the use or utility of the computer (or computer network) being 'spiderized' is adversely affected by the use of the spider. No such evidence is presented here. This court respectfully disagrees with other district courts' finding that mere use of a spider to enter a publicly available web site to gather information, without more, is sufficient to fulfill the harm requirement for trespass to chattels.”