Carbon dioxide (data page)
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Material Safety Data Sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS
Material safety data sheet
A Material Safety Data Sheet is a form with data regarding the properties of a particular substance....
) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for solid carbon dioxide is available from Pacific Dry Ice, inc.
Structure and properties
Structure and properties | |
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Index of refraction, nD | 1.000449 (at 589.3 nm and 0 °C) |
Dielectric constant Dielectric constant The relative permittivity of a material under given conditions reflects the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. In technical terms, it is the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum... , εr |
1.60 ε0 at 0 °C, 50 atm |
Bond strength | ? |
Bond length Bond length - Explanation :Bond length is related to bond order, when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond will get shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy, as a stronger bond will be shorter... |
C–O 116 pm |
Bond angle | 180.0 |
Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic susceptibility In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility \chi_m is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field... |
? |
Surface tension Surface tension Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. It is revealed, for example, in floating of some objects on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the ability of some insects to run on the water surface... |
4.34 dyn/cm at 20°C and equilbrium pressure |
Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity... of liquid at equilibrium pressure |
0.0925 mPa·s at 5°C 0.0852 mPa·s at 10°C 0.0712 mPa·s at 20°C 0.0625 mPa·s at 25°C 0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1°C |
Thermodynamic properties
Phase behavior | |
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Triple point Triple point In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium... |
216.58 K (-56.57 °C), 518.5 kPa |
Critical point Critical point (thermodynamics) In physical chemistry, thermodynamics, chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions at which a phase boundary ceases to exist... |
304.18 K (31.03 °C), 7.38 MPa |
Std enthalpy change of fusion, ΔfusH |
8.647 kJ/mol at triple point |
Std entropy change of fusion Standard entropy change of fusion The entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a substance. This is always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid... , ΔfusS |
? J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of vaporization Standard enthalpy change of vaporization The enthalpy of vaporization, , also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas at a given pressure .It is often measured at the normal boiling point of a substance; although tabulated values are usually... , ΔvapH |
15.326 kJ/mol at –57.5°C |
Std entropy change of vaporization Standard entropy change of vaporization The entropy of vaporization is the increase in entropy when vaporizing a substance. This is always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid or a slightly less organized liquid to the extremely disorganized structure of a gas... , ΔvapS |
70.8 J/(mol·K) |
Solid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , ΔfH |
-427.4 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , S |
51.07 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , cp |
2.534 J/(mol K) at 15.52 K 47.11 J/(mol K) at 146.48 K 54.55 J/(mol K) at 189.78 K |
Liquid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , ΔfH |
? kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , S |
? J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , cp |
? J/(mol K) |
Gas properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , ΔfH |
−393.52 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , S |
213.79 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , cp |
33.89 J/(mol K) at –75°C 36.33 J/(mol K) at 0°C 36.61 J/(mol K) at 15°C 38.01 J/(mol K) at 100°C 43.81 J/(mol K) at 400°C 50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000°C 56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000°C 53.01 J/(mol K) at 38°C, 2457 kPa 60.01 J/(mol K) at 38°C, 5482 kPa 183.1 J/(mol K) at 38°C, 8653 kPa |
Heat capacity ratio Heat capacity ratio The heat capacity ratio or adiabatic index or ratio of specific heats, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume . It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by \gamma or \kappa . The latter symbol kappa is... γ = cp/cv |
1.37 at –75°C 1.310 at 0°C 1.304 at 15°C 1.281 at 100°C 1.235 at 400°C 1.195 at 1000°C 1.171 at 2000°C |
van der Waals' constants Van der Waals equation The van der Waals equation is an equation of state for a fluid composed of particles that have a non-zero volume and a pairwise attractive inter-particle force It was derived by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873, who received the Nobel prize in 1910 for "his work on the equation of state for... |
a = 363.96 L2 kPa/mol2 b = 0.04267 liter per mole |
Equilibrium with carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide , also called carbonous oxide, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher quantities, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal... CO + ½O2 → CO2 K = pK = log10 K |
pK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K |
Solubility in water at various temperatures
Aqueous Solubility of CO2 at 101.3 kPa (1 atm Atmosphere (unit) The standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of pressure. For practical purposes it has been replaced by the bar which is 105 Pa... ) partial pressure Partial pressure In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.... |
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- ‡Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO2 as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water.
- The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO2. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pHPHIn chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acidCarbonic acidCarbonic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H2CO3 . It is also a name sometimes given to solutions of carbon dioxide in water, because such solutions contain small amounts of H2CO3. Carbonic acid forms two kinds of salts, the carbonates and the bicarbonates...
). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pHPHIn chemistry, pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is said to be neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at . Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline...
-dependent speciation of CO2.
Vapor pressure of solid and liquid
P in mm Hg | 1 | 10 | 40 | 100 | 400 | 760 | 1520 | 3800 | 7600 | 15200 | 30400 | 45600 |
P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg) | 0.0013 | 0.013 | 0.053 | 0.13 | 0.53 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 60 |
P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm) | 0.13 | 1.3 | 5.3 | 13 | 53 | 101.325 | 202.65 | 506.625 | 1013.25 | 2026.5 | 4053 | 6079.5 |
T in °C | –134.3(s) | –119.5(s) | –108.6(s) | –100.2(s) | –85.7(s) | –78.2(s) | –69.1(s) | –56.7 | –39.5 | –18.9 | 5.9 | 22.4 |
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data.
Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data
The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO2 in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0°C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 grams/mole. To convert densities to moles/liter, multiply by 22.678 cm3-mole/liter-gram. Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560-2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1°C) and temperatures –30°C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463.Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data | ||||||||
Temp. °C | Pvap Vapor pressure kPa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre... | Hliq Heat content liquid J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /g | Hvap Heat content vapor J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /g | ΔvapH Heat of vapor- ization J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /g | ρvap Density of vapor g/cm3 | ρliq Density of liquid g/cm3 | Sliq Entropy liquid J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /mol Mole (unit) The mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance, defined as an amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 , the isotope of carbon with atomic weight 12. This corresponds to a value... -°C | Svap Entropy vapor J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /mol Mole (unit) The mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance, defined as an amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 , the isotope of carbon with atomic weight 12. This corresponds to a value... -°C |
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–56.6 | 518.3 | 1.179 | ||||||
–56.0 | 531.8 | 1.177 | ||||||
–54.0 | 579.1 | 1.169 | ||||||
–52.0 | 629.6 | 1.162 | ||||||
–50.0 | 683.4 | 1.155 | ||||||
–48.0 | 740.6 | 1.147 | ||||||
–46.0 | 801.3 | 1.139 | ||||||
–44.0 | 865.6 | 1.131 | ||||||
–42.0 | 933.8 | 1.124 | ||||||
–40.0 | 1005.7 | 1.116 | ||||||
–38.0 | 1081.6 | 1.108 | ||||||
–36.0 | 1161.8 | 1.100 | ||||||
–34.0 | 1246.2 | 1.092 | ||||||
–32.0 | 1335.1 | 1.084 | ||||||
-30.0 | 1428.6 | 1.075 | ||||||
–28.89 | 1521 | –55.69 | 237.1 | 292.9 | 0.03846 | 1.0306 | –9.48 | 43.41 |
–27.78 | 1575 | –53.76 | 237.3 | 291.0 | 0.03987 | 1.0276 | –9.13 | 43.21 |
–26.67 | 1630 | –51.84 | 237.6 | 289.4 | 0.04133 | 1.0242 | –8.78 | 43.01 |
–25.56 | 1686 | –49.87 | 237.6 | 287.5 | 0.04283 | 1.0209 | –8.45 | 42.78 |
–24.44 | 1744 | –47.91 | 237.8 | 285.7 | 0.04440 | 1.0170 | –8.10 | 42.56 |
–23.33 | 1804 | –45.94 | 237.8 | 283.6 | 0.04600 | 1.0132 | –7.75 | 42.36 |
–22.22 | 1866 | –43.93 | 237.8 | 281.7 | 0.04767 | 1.0093 | –7.40 | 42.14 |
–21.11 | 1928 | –41.92 | 237.8 | 279.6 | 0.04938 | 1.0053 | –7.05 | 42.94 |
–20.00 | 1993 | –39.91 | 237.8 | 277.8 | 0.05116 | 1.0011 | –6.68 | 41.71 |
–18.89 | 2059 | –37.86 | 237.8 | 275.7 | 0.05300 | 0.9968 | –6.31 | 41.49 |
–17.78 | 2114 | –35.82 | 237.6 | 273.6 | 0.05489 | 0.9923 | –5.98 | 41.27 |
–16.67 | 2197 | –33.73 | 237.6 | 271.2 | 0.05686 | 0.9875 | –5.61 | 41.05 |
–15.56 | 2269 | –31.64 | 237.3 | 269.2 | 0.05888 | 0.9829 | –5.26 | 40.83 |
–14.44 | 2343 | –29.54 | 237.3 | 266.9 | 0.06098 | 0.9782 | –4.91 | 40.61 |
–13.33 | 2418 | –27.41 | 237.1 | 264.5 | 0.06314 | 0.9734 | –4.54 | 40.39 |
–12.22 | 2495 | –25.27 | 236.9 | 262.2 | 0.06539 | 0.9665 | –4.17 | 40.15 |
–11.11 | 2574 | –23.09 | 236.7 | 259.7 | 0.06771 | 0.9639 | –3.80 | 39.92 |
–10.00 | 2654 | –20.90 | 236.4 | 257.3 | 0.07011 | 0.9592 | –3.43 | 39.68 |
–8.89 | 2738 | –18.69 | 235.9 | 254.8 | 0.07259 | 0.9543 | –3.06 | 39.46 |
–7.78 | 2823 | –16.45 | 235.7 | 252.2 | 0.07516 | 0.9494 | –2.69 | 39.22 |
–6.67 | 2910 | –14.18 | 235.2 | 249.4 | 0.07783 | 0.9443 | –2.32 | 38.98 |
–5.56 | 2999 | –11.90 | 234.8 | 246.6 | 0.08059 | 0.9393 | –1.94 | 38.74 |
–4.44 | 3090 | –9.977 | 234.3 | 243.8 | 0.08347 | 0.9340 | –1.57 | 38.50 |
–3.89 | 3136 | –8.410 | 234.1 | 242.4 | 0.08494 | 0.9313 | –1.37 | 38.37 |
–2.78 | 3230 | –6.046 | 233.6 | 239.7 | 0.08797 | 0.9260 | –0.98 | 38.12 |
–1.67 | 3327 | –3.648 | 232.9 | 236.6 | 0.09111 | 0.9206 | –0.59 | 37.88 |
–0.56 | 3425 | –1.222 | 232.4 | 233.6 | 0.09438 | 0.9150 | –0.20 | 37.62 |
0.56 | 3526 | 1.234 | 231.7 | 230.5 | 0.09776 | 0.9094 | 0.20 | 37.36 |
1.67 | 3629 | 3.728 | 231.0 | 227.3 | 0.1013 | 0.9036 | 0.61 | 37.08 |
2.78 | 3735 | 6.268 | 230.4 | 224.0 | 0.1050 | 0.8975 | 1.01 | 36.83 |
3.89 | 3981 | 8.445 | 229.4 | 220.5 | 0.1088 | 0.8914 | 1.42 | 36.55 |
5.00 | 3953 | 11.46 | 228.5 | 217.0 | 0.1128 | 0.8850 | 1.83 | 36.25 |
6.11 | 4067 | 14.13 | 227.6 | 213.4 | 0.1169 | 0.8784 | 2.25 | 35.98 |
7.22 | 4182 | 16.85 | 226.5 | 209.7 | 0.1213 | 0.8716 | 2.69 | 35.68 |
8.33 | 4300 | 19.63 | 225.4 | 205.8 | 0.1258 | 0.8645 | 3.12 | 35.39 |
9.44 | 4420 | 22.46 | 224.3 | 201.8 | 0.1306 | 0.8571 | 3.56 | 35.07 |
10.56 | 4544 | 25.36 | 223.1 | 197.7 | 0.1355 | 0.8496 | 4.02 | 34.76 |
11.67 | 4670 | 28.33 | 221.8 | 193.4 | 0.1408 | 0.8418 | 4.48 | 34.45 |
12.78 | 4798 | 31.35 | 220.3 | 188.9 | 0.1463 | 0.8338 | 4.94 | 34.11 |
13.89 | 4929 | 34.49 | 218.8 | 184.3 | 0.1521 | 0.8254 | 5.42 | 33.76 |
15.00 | 5063 | 37.30 | 217.2 | 179.5 | 0.1583 | 0.8168 | 5.92 | 33.41 |
16.11 | 5200 | 41.03 | 215.1 | 174.4 | 0.1648 | 0.8076 | 6.42 | 33.02 |
17.22 | 5340 | 44.48 | 213.6 | 169.1 | 0.1717 | 0.7977 | 6.96 | 32.66 |
18.33 | 5482 | 48.03 | 211.5 | 163.5 | 0.1791 | 0.7871 | 7.49 | 32.25 |
19.44 | 5628 | 51.71 | 209.4 | 157.6 | 0.1869 | 0.7759 | 8.04 | 31.83 |
20.56 | 5776 | 55.61 | 207.0 | 151.4 | 0.1956 | 0.7639 | 8.63 | 31.38 |
21.67 | 5928 | 59.66 | 204.3 | 144.7 | 0.2054 | 0.7508 | 9.24 | 30.90 |
22.78 | 6083 | 63.97 | 201.5 | 137.5 | 0.2151 | 0.7367 | 9.89 | 30.39 |
23.89 | 6240 | 68.58 | 198.4 | 129.8 | 0.2263 | 0.7216 | 10.57 | 29.85 |
25.00 | 6401 | 73.51 | 194.8 | 121.3 | 0.2387 | 0.7058 | 11.31 | 29.24 |
26.11 | 6565 | 78.91 | 190.7 | 111.8 | 0.2532 | 0.6894 | 12.10 | 28.60 |
27.22 | 6733 | 84.94 | 186.0 | 101.1 | 0.2707 | 0.6720 | 12.99 | 27.84 |
28.33 | 6902 | 91.88 | 180.4 | 88.49 | 0.2923 | 0.6507 | 14.00 | 26.95 |
29.44 | 7081 | 100.4 | 173.1 | 72.72 | 0.3204 | 0.6209 | 15.24 | 25.85 |
30.00 | 7164 | 105.6 | 168.4 | 62.76 | 0.3378 | 0.5992 | 16.01 | 25.15 |
30.56 | 7253 | 112.3 | 162.3 | 50.04 | 0.3581 | 0.5661 | 16.99 | 24.24 |
31.1 | 7391 | 0.00 | 0.4641 | 0.4641 | ||||
Temp. °C | Pvap Vapor pressure kPa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre... | Hliq Heat content liquid J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /g | Hvap Heat content vapor J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /g | ΔvapH Heat of vapor- ization J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /g | ρvap Density of vapor g/cm3 | ρliq Density of liquid g/cm3 | Sliq Entropy liquid J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /mol Mole (unit) The mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance, defined as an amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 , the isotope of carbon with atomic weight 12. This corresponds to a value... -°C | Svap Entropy vapor J Joule The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second... /mol Mole (unit) The mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance, defined as an amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 , the isotope of carbon with atomic weight 12. This corresponds to a value... -°C |
Spectral data
UV-Vis | |
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λmax | ? nm Nanometre A nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. The name combines the SI prefix nano- with the parent unit name metre .The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on the atomic scale: the diameter... |
Extinction coefficient Molar absorptivity The molar absorption coefficient, molar extinction coefficient, or molar absorptivity, is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength... , ε |
? |
IR Infrared Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres , and extending conventionally to 300 µm... |
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Major absorption bands | 2350 and 667 cm−1 (4.25 and 14.99 um) |
NMR NMR spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained... |
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Proton NMR Proton NMR Proton NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. In samples where natural hydrogen is used, practically all of the hydrogen consists of the... |
N/A |
Carbon-13 NMR Carbon-13 NMR Carbon-13 NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to carbon. It is analogous to proton NMR and allows the identification of carbon atoms in an organic molecule just as proton NMR identifies hydrogen atoms... |
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Other NMR data | |
MS Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles.It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and... |
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Masses of main fragments |
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