Birkhoff's theorem (electromagnetism)
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In physics, in the context of electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three are the strong interaction, the weak interaction and gravitation...

, Birkhoff's theorem concerns spherically symmetric static solutions of Maxwell's field equations of electromagnetism.

The theorem is due to George D. Birkhoff. It states that any spherically symmetric solution of the source-free Maxwell equations is necessarily static. Pappas (1984) gives two proofs of this theorem.
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