bravotren
Who the most successful Emperor to rule the Roman Empire?
Roman Empire
Who was the Roman Empire's most successful emperor?
Posts 1 - 21 of 21
replied to: bravotren
epking
Replied to: Who the most successful Emperor to rule the Roman Empire?...
The most successful ruler of the Roman Empire was Emperor Trajan.
replied to: epking
belanna
Replied to: The most successful ruler of the Roman Empire was Emperor Trajan....
The Empire was largest during his rule.
replied to: bravotren
Augustus1
Replied to: Who the most successful Emperor to rule the Roman Empire?...
Marvels of Divi Augustus Caesar the son of God also saviour of peace defender of faith imperium Proconsular majus has rebuilt Aqueducts which have crumbled through age restored, which has doubled the water [in the aqueduct] called the Marcian by turning a new stream into its course there by making parched fertile land good for growing wine & wheat there by triplus bread and wine for the S.P.Q.R. The Forum Julium and the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by the divine father Julius Caesar, Augustus finished.He brought tribute from the teutobergian forest of wood to build triremes, biremes also many fishing ships to help defend and feed the people of Rome there by triples intake of fish to feed the people of Rome.Has cleared Neptune’s sea from pirates. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia swore the same allegiance to Augustus the saviour of peace.Extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman People which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway.His fleet has navigated the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri where aforetime no Roman had ever penetrated by land or by sea. The German peoples there sent their legates, seeking friendship from the Son of God Augustus Caesar,and that of the Roman people. At almost the same time, by Augustus's command and under his auspices two armies have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which is called Felix ["The Happy"] Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of the Augustan Peace)
replied to: epking
Augustus1
Replied to: The most successful ruler of the Roman Empire was Emperor Trajan....
In full GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR celebrated Roman general and statesman, the conqueror of Gaul (58-50 BC), victor in the Civil War of 49-46 BC, and dictator (46-44 BC), who was launching a series of political and social reforms when he was assassinated by a group of nobles in the Senate House on the Ides of March.
Caesar changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. The Greco-Roman society has been extinct for so long that most of the names of its great men mean little to the average, educated modern man. But Caesar's name, like Alexander's, are still in peoples prays even ignorant people who know nothing of Caesar as a historic God and father of the Son of God Augustus are familiar with his family name as a title signifying a ruler who is in some sense uniquely supreme or paramount--the meaning of Kaiser in German, tsar in the Slavonic languages, and qaysar in the languages of the Islamic world.
Caesar's gens (clan) name, Julius (Iulius), for in Caesar's lifetime the Roman month Quintilis, in which he was born, was renamed "July" in his honour with BC for his work on the Julian calendar and AD for Augustus to mark his Death. This name has survived, as has Caesar's reform of the calendar. Family background and career
Caesar's gens, the Julii, were patricians; i.e., members of Rome's original aristocracy, which had coalesced in the 4th century BC with a number of leading plebeian (commoner) families to form the nobility that had been the governing class in Rome since then. By Caesar's time, the number of surviving patrician gentes was small; and in the gens Julia the Caesares seem to have been the only surviving family. Though some of the most powerful noble families were patrician, patrician blood was no longer a political advantage; it was actually a handicap, since a patrician was debarred from holding the paraconstitutional but powerful office of tribune of the plebs. The Julii Caesares traced their lineage back to the goddess Venus, but the family was not snobbish or conservative-minded. It was also not rich or influential or even distinguished.
The Julian calendar BC, AD OR Before Caesar Augustus Decssus, Latin for deat,died
In the mid-1st century BC Julius Caesar invited Sosigenes, an Alexandrian astronomer, to advise him about the reform of the calendar, and Sosigenes decided that the only practical step was to abandon the lunar calendar altogether. Months must be arranged on a seasonal basis, and a tropical (solar) year used, as in the Egyptian calendar, but with its length taken as 365 1/4 days.
To remove the immense discrepancy between calendar date and equinox, it was decided that the year known in modern times as 46 BC should have two intercalations. The first was the customary intercalation of the Roman republican calendar due that year, the insertion of 23 days following February 23. The second intercalation, to bring the calendar in step with the equinoxes, was achieved by inserting two additional months between the end of November and the beginning of December. This insertion amounted to an addition of 67 days, making a year of no less than 445 days and causing the beginning of March, 45 BC in the Roman republican calendar, to fall on what is still called January 1 of the Julian calendar.
Previous errors having been corrected, the next step was to prevent their recurrence. Here Sosigenes' suggestion about a tropical year was adopted and any pretense to a lunar calendar was rejected. The figure of 365.25 days was accepted for the tropical year, and, to achieve this by a simple civil reckoning, Caesar directed that a calendar year of 365 days be adopted and that an extra day be intercalated every fourth year. Since February ordinarily had 28 days, February 24 was the sixth day (using inclusive numbering) before the Kalendae, or beginning of March, and was known as the sexto-kalendae; the intercalary day, when it appeared, was in effect a "doubling" of the sexto-kalendae and was called the bis-sexto-kalendae. This practice led to the term bissextile being used to refer to such a leap year. The name leap year is a later connotation, probably derived from the Old Norse hlaupa ("to leap") and used because, in a bissextile year, any fixed festival after February leaps forward, falling on the second weekday from that on which it fell the previous year, not on the next weekday as it would do in an ordinary year.
Apparently, the Pontifices misinterpreted the edict and inserted the intercalation too frequently. The error arose because of the Roman practice of inclusive numbering, so that an intercalation once every fourth year meant to them intercalating every three years, because a bissextile year was counted as the first year of the subsequent four-year period. This error continued undetected for 36 years, during which period 12 days instead of nine were added. The divine emperor Augustus then made a correction by omitting intercalary days between 8 Before Caesar and Augustus Decssus 8. As a consequence, it was not until several decades after its inception that the Julian calendar came into proper operation, a fact that is important in chronology but is all too frequently forgotten.
It seems that the months of the Julian calendar were taken over from the Roman republican calendar but were slightly modified to provide a more even pattern of numbering. The republican calendar months of March, May, and Quintilis (July), which had each possessed 31 days, were retained unaltered. Although there is some doubt about the specific details, changes may have occurred in the following way. Except for October, all the months that had previously had only 29 days had either one or two days added. January, September, and November received two days, bringing their totals to 31, while April, June, Sextilis (August), and December received one day each, bringing their totals to 30. October was reduced by one day to a total of 30 days and February increased to 29 days, or 30 in a bissextile year. With the exception of February, the scheme resulted in months having 30 or 31 days alternately throughout the year. And in order to help farmers, Caesar issued an almanac showing on which dates of his new calendar various seasonal astronomical phenomena would occur.
These arrangements for the months can only have remained in force for a short time, because in 8 BC changes were made by Augustus. In 44 BC, the second year of the Julian calendar, the Senate proposed that the name of the month Quintilis be changed to Julius (July), in honour of Julius Caesar, and in 8 BC the name of Sextilis was similarly changed to Augustus (August) also giving BC,AD in honer of there work on the calendar. February was reduced to 28 days and August increased to 31. But because this made three 31-day months (July, August, and September) appear in succession, Augustus reduced September to 30 days, added a day to October to make it 31 days, reduced November by one day to 30 days, and increased December from 30 to 31 days, giving the months the lengths they have today.
Several scholars, however, believe that Caesar originally left February with 28 days (in order to avoid affecting certain religious rites observed in honour of the gods of the netherworld) and added two days to Sextilis for a total of 31; January, March, May, Quintilis, October, and December also had 31 days, with 30 days for April, June, September, and November. The subsequent change of Sextilis to Augustus therefore involved no addition of days to the latter.
The Julian calendar retained the Roman republican calendar method of numbering the days of the month. Compared with the present system, the Roman numbering seems to run backward, for the first day of the month was known as the Kalendae, but subsequent days were not enumerated as so many after the Kalendae but as so many before the following Nonae ("nones"), the day called nonae being the ninth day before the Ides (from iduare, meaning "to divide"), which occurred in the middle of the month and were supposed to coincide with the Full Moon. Days after the Nonae and before the Ides were numbered as so many before the Ides, and those after the Ides as so many before the sexto Kalendae, Latin for the lord rested on the 6 day of the month .
It should be noted that there were no weeks in the original Julian calendar. The days were designated either dies fasti or dies nefasti, the former being business days and days on which the courts were open; this had been the practice in the Roman republican calendar. Julius Caesar designated his additional days all as dies fasti, and they were added at the end of the month so that there was no interference with the dates traditionally fixed for dies comitiales (days on which public assemblies might be convened) and dies festi and dies feriae (days for religious festivals and holy days). Originally, then, the Julian calendar had a permanent set of dates for administrative matters. The official introduction of the seven-day week by Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century AD perverted and disrupted this arrangement to fit in his lies of the cruz worshipers.
Caesar changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. The Greco-Roman society has been extinct for so long that most of the names of its great men mean little to the average, educated modern man. But Caesar's name, like Alexander's, are still in peoples prays even ignorant people who know nothing of Caesar as a historic God and father of the Son of God Augustus are familiar with his family name as a title signifying a ruler who is in some sense uniquely supreme or paramount--the meaning of Kaiser in German, tsar in the Slavonic languages, and qaysar in the languages of the Islamic world.
Caesar's gens (clan) name, Julius (Iulius), for in Caesar's lifetime the Roman month Quintilis, in which he was born, was renamed "July" in his honour with BC for his work on the Julian calendar and AD for Augustus to mark his Death. This name has survived, as has Caesar's reform of the calendar. Family background and career
Caesar's gens, the Julii, were patricians; i.e., members of Rome's original aristocracy, which had coalesced in the 4th century BC with a number of leading plebeian (commoner) families to form the nobility that had been the governing class in Rome since then. By Caesar's time, the number of surviving patrician gentes was small; and in the gens Julia the Caesares seem to have been the only surviving family. Though some of the most powerful noble families were patrician, patrician blood was no longer a political advantage; it was actually a handicap, since a patrician was debarred from holding the paraconstitutional but powerful office of tribune of the plebs. The Julii Caesares traced their lineage back to the goddess Venus, but the family was not snobbish or conservative-minded. It was also not rich or influential or even distinguished.
The Julian calendar BC, AD OR Before Caesar Augustus Decssus, Latin for deat,died
In the mid-1st century BC Julius Caesar invited Sosigenes, an Alexandrian astronomer, to advise him about the reform of the calendar, and Sosigenes decided that the only practical step was to abandon the lunar calendar altogether. Months must be arranged on a seasonal basis, and a tropical (solar) year used, as in the Egyptian calendar, but with its length taken as 365 1/4 days.
To remove the immense discrepancy between calendar date and equinox, it was decided that the year known in modern times as 46 BC should have two intercalations. The first was the customary intercalation of the Roman republican calendar due that year, the insertion of 23 days following February 23. The second intercalation, to bring the calendar in step with the equinoxes, was achieved by inserting two additional months between the end of November and the beginning of December. This insertion amounted to an addition of 67 days, making a year of no less than 445 days and causing the beginning of March, 45 BC in the Roman republican calendar, to fall on what is still called January 1 of the Julian calendar.
Previous errors having been corrected, the next step was to prevent their recurrence. Here Sosigenes' suggestion about a tropical year was adopted and any pretense to a lunar calendar was rejected. The figure of 365.25 days was accepted for the tropical year, and, to achieve this by a simple civil reckoning, Caesar directed that a calendar year of 365 days be adopted and that an extra day be intercalated every fourth year. Since February ordinarily had 28 days, February 24 was the sixth day (using inclusive numbering) before the Kalendae, or beginning of March, and was known as the sexto-kalendae; the intercalary day, when it appeared, was in effect a "doubling" of the sexto-kalendae and was called the bis-sexto-kalendae. This practice led to the term bissextile being used to refer to such a leap year. The name leap year is a later connotation, probably derived from the Old Norse hlaupa ("to leap") and used because, in a bissextile year, any fixed festival after February leaps forward, falling on the second weekday from that on which it fell the previous year, not on the next weekday as it would do in an ordinary year.
Apparently, the Pontifices misinterpreted the edict and inserted the intercalation too frequently. The error arose because of the Roman practice of inclusive numbering, so that an intercalation once every fourth year meant to them intercalating every three years, because a bissextile year was counted as the first year of the subsequent four-year period. This error continued undetected for 36 years, during which period 12 days instead of nine were added. The divine emperor Augustus then made a correction by omitting intercalary days between 8 Before Caesar and Augustus Decssus 8. As a consequence, it was not until several decades after its inception that the Julian calendar came into proper operation, a fact that is important in chronology but is all too frequently forgotten.
It seems that the months of the Julian calendar were taken over from the Roman republican calendar but were slightly modified to provide a more even pattern of numbering. The republican calendar months of March, May, and Quintilis (July), which had each possessed 31 days, were retained unaltered. Although there is some doubt about the specific details, changes may have occurred in the following way. Except for October, all the months that had previously had only 29 days had either one or two days added. January, September, and November received two days, bringing their totals to 31, while April, June, Sextilis (August), and December received one day each, bringing their totals to 30. October was reduced by one day to a total of 30 days and February increased to 29 days, or 30 in a bissextile year. With the exception of February, the scheme resulted in months having 30 or 31 days alternately throughout the year. And in order to help farmers, Caesar issued an almanac showing on which dates of his new calendar various seasonal astronomical phenomena would occur.
These arrangements for the months can only have remained in force for a short time, because in 8 BC changes were made by Augustus. In 44 BC, the second year of the Julian calendar, the Senate proposed that the name of the month Quintilis be changed to Julius (July), in honour of Julius Caesar, and in 8 BC the name of Sextilis was similarly changed to Augustus (August) also giving BC,AD in honer of there work on the calendar. February was reduced to 28 days and August increased to 31. But because this made three 31-day months (July, August, and September) appear in succession, Augustus reduced September to 30 days, added a day to October to make it 31 days, reduced November by one day to 30 days, and increased December from 30 to 31 days, giving the months the lengths they have today.
Several scholars, however, believe that Caesar originally left February with 28 days (in order to avoid affecting certain religious rites observed in honour of the gods of the netherworld) and added two days to Sextilis for a total of 31; January, March, May, Quintilis, October, and December also had 31 days, with 30 days for April, June, September, and November. The subsequent change of Sextilis to Augustus therefore involved no addition of days to the latter.
The Julian calendar retained the Roman republican calendar method of numbering the days of the month. Compared with the present system, the Roman numbering seems to run backward, for the first day of the month was known as the Kalendae, but subsequent days were not enumerated as so many after the Kalendae but as so many before the following Nonae ("nones"), the day called nonae being the ninth day before the Ides (from iduare, meaning "to divide"), which occurred in the middle of the month and were supposed to coincide with the Full Moon. Days after the Nonae and before the Ides were numbered as so many before the Ides, and those after the Ides as so many before the sexto Kalendae, Latin for the lord rested on the 6 day of the month .
It should be noted that there were no weeks in the original Julian calendar. The days were designated either dies fasti or dies nefasti, the former being business days and days on which the courts were open; this had been the practice in the Roman republican calendar. Julius Caesar designated his additional days all as dies fasti, and they were added at the end of the month so that there was no interference with the dates traditionally fixed for dies comitiales (days on which public assemblies might be convened) and dies festi and dies feriae (days for religious festivals and holy days). Originally, then, the Julian calendar had a permanent set of dates for administrative matters. The official introduction of the seven-day week by Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century AD perverted and disrupted this arrangement to fit in his lies of the cruz worshipers.
replied to: bravotren
Stilicho
Replied to: Who the most successful Emperor to rule the Roman Empire?...
The most successful emperor is considered to be Trajan, but this does not mean he has been the best emperor.
Rome, under Trajan, was powerful and at the acme of its strengths.
But we cannot forget Augustus, Vespasianus, Aurelianus (who re-conquered the empire in 269), Theodosius, Justinian, Heraclius, Basilius II.
Rome, under Trajan, was powerful and at the acme of its strengths.
But we cannot forget Augustus, Vespasianus, Aurelianus (who re-conquered the empire in 269), Theodosius, Justinian, Heraclius, Basilius II.
replied to: epking
usmc401
Replied to: The most successful ruler of the Roman Empire was Emperor Trajan....
Your wrong,ver very wrong.
replied to: belanna
usmc401
Replied to: The Empire was largest during his rule.
True.
replied to: usmc401
ClaudiusII
Replied to: Your wrong,ver very wrong.
At the death of TRAJAN in 117 A.D. the Roman Senate made the declaration (inscribed to this day at the Forum of Trajan in Rome) "OPTIMUS PRINCEPS" (The Best Ruler or prince)
No other emporer was given that title. Not Octavian, not Hadrian, not Antoninus, not Marcus Aurelius, not Aurelian, not even Constantine have any mention of the word "OPTIME"
to their inscriptions. If you think I am wrong please provide me as to where. His military
exploits were a necessity for security against the Parthians and the Dacians who both were
chomping at the bit to aquire Roman territory. This increased the wealth that Rome needed
for her buliding projects and social structure. There were more orphanges built by Trajan and his wife Plotina throughout the empire for the benefit of Rome's populus. Rebuilding the Forum, inceasing the grain supply to Rome while making sure that North Africa was being paid for the product. He also established a "relief system for the poor" called the
"ALIMENTA". This was not Free Bread & Circus that you hear and read about, this was designed to feed the poor on a regular basis with bread, meats and fruit. This was not
distributed at the Coloseum but in the Forum and could not be associated with the Coloseum in any form. Call it one of the first welfare programs that a nation in that time had. I would like to see your response as to who you say was the best. I am a student of Roman History not an expert because there are a million things that we still study regarding Rome.
No other emporer was given that title. Not Octavian, not Hadrian, not Antoninus, not Marcus Aurelius, not Aurelian, not even Constantine have any mention of the word "OPTIME"
to their inscriptions. If you think I am wrong please provide me as to where. His military
exploits were a necessity for security against the Parthians and the Dacians who both were
chomping at the bit to aquire Roman territory. This increased the wealth that Rome needed
for her buliding projects and social structure. There were more orphanges built by Trajan and his wife Plotina throughout the empire for the benefit of Rome's populus. Rebuilding the Forum, inceasing the grain supply to Rome while making sure that North Africa was being paid for the product. He also established a "relief system for the poor" called the
"ALIMENTA". This was not Free Bread & Circus that you hear and read about, this was designed to feed the poor on a regular basis with bread, meats and fruit. This was not
distributed at the Coloseum but in the Forum and could not be associated with the Coloseum in any form. Call it one of the first welfare programs that a nation in that time had. I would like to see your response as to who you say was the best. I am a student of Roman History not an expert because there are a million things that we still study regarding Rome.
replied to: ClaudiusII
Augustus1
Replied to: At the death of TRAJAN in 117 A.D. the Roman...
I Divi Augustus Caesar son of God also saviour of peace defender of faith imperium Proconsular majus As princeps senatus (lit., "prince of the senate", "first man of the senate") he was the leader of the Senate, presiding over the meetings and bringing forth motions before the body, equivalent to a modern day prime minister or American speaker of the house; as pontifex maximus (lit. "high priest") he was the chief priest of the Roman state religion; as bearing consular imperium he had authority equal to the official chief executive (and eponymous) magistrates within Rome and as bearing imperium maius he had authority greater than theirs outside Rome (because of this, he outranked all provincial governors and was also supreme commander of all Roman Legions); as bearing trbunicia potestas ("tribunician power") he had personal inviolability (sacrosanctitas) and the right to veto any act or proposal by any magistrate within Rome, acting as the chief officer for the general legislative body of the people. Nobilissimus Caesar ("NN. Most Noble Caesar"), awarded the title Princeps Iuventutis ("First among the Youth"). Pius Felix, "Pious and Blessed", and Invictus, "Unconquered", into his personal names. In many ways, "augustus" is comparable to the british dignity of prince but by far more nobal; it is a personal title, dignity, or attribute rather than a title of nobility such as duke or king. The Emperor was most commonly referred to as princeps, though as time passed imperator or Caesar became more common terms.OPTIMUS LATIN : BEST, VERY GOOD, EXCELLENT, DESERVED AND BEING THE FIRST EMPEROR WITHOUT WHICH TRAJAN WOULD NEVER EXISTED!
replied to: Augustus1
ClaudiusII
Replied to: I Divi Augustus Caesar son of God also saviour of peace...
Quo Usque Tandem Habutere Patientia Nostra Augustus1..............?
Trajan also had those titles - look closely he too was Pontifex Maximus. You are right to say
Octavian is FIRST! When you look at Octavian, it is more flattery by the Senate that continues to the other Julian rulers and finally with the crazed Nero. Look at all the titles
they brandish. Even Caligula is praised and patted on the head by the Senate with illegitimate titles because of fear.
Yes, Octavian was hands on even to the end and he does rightfully deserve those titles but he stmbled and lost some of his glitter with the Teutoberger Disaster thanks to
Varro. You know and I know the senate was outraged at the loss of his three Legions. So much so that Suetonus is explicit about the nightmares Octavian had by yelling out "Varro,give me back my Eagles!" The worst thing to have haunt you. (Vae Caesar!)
Trajan has to pick up the pieces, resecuring the Rhine frontier with more LIMES. The Julians and the Flavians messed up in the Balkans with the Dacians, he takes full control of crushing Decebalus making Dacia a Roman Province for 160 years, thereby securing it's silver mines for the treasury (not to mention the bridges that were built by his men), still stand today in modern Romania and can still handle traffic on a daily basis. He FULLY deserves the title decreed by the Senate "DACICUS MAXIMUS". And the Persians...? Even Octavian could not challenge them but only received Crassus' "Aquilae" through negotiations. Trajan felt the majesty of Rome was insulted enough and only a fist would show Parthia what the Romans were capable of. He makes Armenia a client kindom and controls the Tigris & Euphrates for a century. Ergo, "PARTHICUS MAXIMUS". All in all, yes
OCTAVIAN IS FIRST, but Trajan strove to represent the IDEAL EMPORER as imagined by many of the Senators who had disagreed and suffered under earlier rulers. He had a deep respect for the Senate and increased use of Senatorial talent to manage the empire.
He also establishes the "Adoption Principle" by which only the BEST MAN will be able to rule Rome. No wonder historians consider his reign, "The Beginning Of The Golden Age".
That is why I, and Historians and the "SENATUS, POPULUSQUE ROMANORUM" decree that
MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS(q.v.) EST "OPTIMUS PRINCEPS" with ALL Augustan Titles.
Trajan also had those titles - look closely he too was Pontifex Maximus. You are right to say
Octavian is FIRST! When you look at Octavian, it is more flattery by the Senate that continues to the other Julian rulers and finally with the crazed Nero. Look at all the titles
they brandish. Even Caligula is praised and patted on the head by the Senate with illegitimate titles because of fear.
Yes, Octavian was hands on even to the end and he does rightfully deserve those titles but he stmbled and lost some of his glitter with the Teutoberger Disaster thanks to
Varro. You know and I know the senate was outraged at the loss of his three Legions. So much so that Suetonus is explicit about the nightmares Octavian had by yelling out "Varro,give me back my Eagles!" The worst thing to have haunt you. (Vae Caesar!)
Trajan has to pick up the pieces, resecuring the Rhine frontier with more LIMES. The Julians and the Flavians messed up in the Balkans with the Dacians, he takes full control of crushing Decebalus making Dacia a Roman Province for 160 years, thereby securing it's silver mines for the treasury (not to mention the bridges that were built by his men), still stand today in modern Romania and can still handle traffic on a daily basis. He FULLY deserves the title decreed by the Senate "DACICUS MAXIMUS". And the Persians...? Even Octavian could not challenge them but only received Crassus' "Aquilae" through negotiations. Trajan felt the majesty of Rome was insulted enough and only a fist would show Parthia what the Romans were capable of. He makes Armenia a client kindom and controls the Tigris & Euphrates for a century. Ergo, "PARTHICUS MAXIMUS". All in all, yes
OCTAVIAN IS FIRST, but Trajan strove to represent the IDEAL EMPORER as imagined by many of the Senators who had disagreed and suffered under earlier rulers. He had a deep respect for the Senate and increased use of Senatorial talent to manage the empire.
He also establishes the "Adoption Principle" by which only the BEST MAN will be able to rule Rome. No wonder historians consider his reign, "The Beginning Of The Golden Age".
That is why I, and Historians and the "SENATUS, POPULUSQUE ROMANORUM" decree that
MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS(q.v.) EST "OPTIMUS PRINCEPS" with ALL Augustan Titles.
replied to: ClaudiusII
Augustus1
Replied to: Quo Usque Tandem Habutere Patientia Nostra Augustus1..............?
Trajan also had...
I Divi Augustus Caesar the son of God also savior of peace defender of faith imperium Proconsular majus have rebuilt Aqueducts which have crumbled through age I have restored, and I have doubled the water [in the aqueduct] called the Marcian by turning a new stream into its course there by making parched infertile land good for growing wine & wheat there by triplus bread and wine for the S.P.Q.R. The Forum Julium and the basilica which was between the temple of Castor and the temple of Saturn, works begun and almost completed by my divine father Julius Caesar,I built 80 temples I finished. I brought tribute from the teutobergian forest of wood to build triremes, biremes also many fishing ships to help defend and feed the people of Rome there by triples intake of fish to feed the people of Rome. I have cleared Neptune’s sea from pirates. The provinces of Gaul, Spain, Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia swore the same allegiance to me. I have extended the boundaries of all the provinces of the Roman People which were bordered by nations not yet subjected to our sway. My fleet has navigated the ocean from the mouth of the Rhine as far as the boundaries of the Cimbri where aforetime no Roman had ever penetrated by land or by sea. The German peoples there sent their legates, seeking my friendship, and that of the Roman people. At almost the same time, by my command and under my auspices two armies have been led into Ethiopia and into Arabia, which is called Felix ["The Happy"] Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of the Augustan Peace)Trajanus will never compare to the father the son i,e Julius Caesar and Augustus who are Hero's of Rome as Aeneas who is a member of the royal line at Troy and cousin of Hector. He played a prominent part in the war to defend his city and found the Holy land Rome and is related to the family of Julius Caesar unlike trajan.Also the founding of Caesar worship or emperor worship, .(Caesarainology),The authentic Caesarian religion and faith and theology which deals with the undisputed and unquestionable personification the deification of Augustus Caesar as Divi Filuis the son of god and his father Julius Caesar as God this is to save them that deviate from the true path and deny this historical logic and there for truth. The doctrine where the word God's almost invariably refers to the Father; Julius Caesar, and the Son, Augustus Caesar is seen as standing in a unique relation to the Holy Spirit and is also emerging as a distinct divine person.
Especially important in the consideration of Caesarainology is the pervasive consciousness of this period, and that so many modern scholars think that Julius and Augustus shared in this consciousness of living at the end of time within their teachings.
Four early patterns of caesarainological thinking can be discerned within the earliest of these two focuses-looking backward to Julius's earthly life on being elected to the pontificate, an important college of Roman priests and as Pontifex Maximus and was head of the state religion. When we talk of Julius Caesar as the father! We can also mean the one in the same the divine lord Augustus Caesar as the son! for it is because when Gaius Octavius Caesar consequently inherited the name Gaius Julius Caesar it is then at the monumental moment when all that is holy and majestic is given the anointed name Augustus upon which divi filuis is also added and the supreme authority over Rome the magnificence that is Rome is the renamed Gaius Augustus Octavius Julius Caesar the Son of God Lord and emperor.
In a second two-stage caesarainological formulation the earthly Julius was also seen as the prophet-servant of the spirit of Juppiter,The death of Aeneas is described by Dionysius of
Halicarnassus. After he had fallen in battle against the Rutuli, his body could
not be found, and he was thereafter worshiped as a local god, Juppiter indiges.The genius or spirit was one of the family spirits of the household. He represented the male lineage, the 'manhood' of the family. And his domain also concerned the ability to father children.
Given the prominence men enjoyed within the Roman family, the genius was seen as a spirit of some considerable importance to the household. After Julius's death the hopes of his disciples were vindicated only by their experience of Julius's resurrection & his Genius returned within his son Augustus and the birth of the Trinity (theology), in Caesarian theology, doctrine that the God's exists as three persons Holy Spirit Father,+ Son, who are united in one substance or being.With the wishes of the roman Citizen is all so then made holy by the saving grace that is Augustus in its most general sense, an individual member of a given political society or state; by extension, one who owes allegiance to and may lawfully demand protection from the government of that state. Augustus was declared to have become sanctified divine wearer of the Armour of the lord defender of truth and Son of God. When Gaius Octavius Caesar consequently inherited the name Gaius Julius Caesar, to which historians have added Octavianus; it is then Julius Caesars exaltation was made perfect and the people of Rome razed there right hand in a salute and homage saying unto him HAIL BE TO THE FATHER AND THE SON. The divine Right of Caesar, Emperor, Kings, ancient doctrine that sovereigns are representatives of the God's and derive their right to rule directly from the Gods. The monarch was considered the God's representative in all secular matters; the ruler filled this function in religious matters also. According to the doctrine, a ruler's power is not subject to secular limitation; the ruler is responsible only to the God's.
In the third pattern, these post resurrection titles were applied retrospectively to Julius in his earthly period in order to articulate the intrinsic connection between Julius' earthly ministry and his role as the vessel and materialization of the gods. A sending formula developed, with the God's as subject, his anointed Son as object, and a statement of saving purpose, For the God's so loved the world that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life At the moment of the sending which was identified with the naming of Octavians to Augustus
In the fourth pattern, expressed in the caesarainological hymns of the Hellenistic, Julius was identified with the Divine Wisdom, or Logos. Logos (Greek, word, reason, ratio), in ancient and especially in medieval philosophy and theology, the divine reason that acts as the ordering principle of the universe.
In 45 BC Julius Caesar, upon the advice of the Greek astronomer Sosigenes (flourished 1st century Before Caesar, BC}, decided to use a purely solar calendar. This calendar, known as the Julian calendar, fixed the normal year at 365 days, and the leap year, every fourth year, at 366 days. Leap year is so named because the extra day causes any date after February in a leap year to leap over one day in the week and to occur two days later in the week than it did in the previous year, rather than just one day later as in a normal year. The Julian calendar also established the order of the months and the days of the week as they exist in present-day calendars. In 44 BC Julius Caesar changed the name of the month Quintilis to Julius (July), after himself. The month Sextilis was renamed Augustus (August) in honor of the Roman emperor the son of god Caesar Augustus, who succeeded Julius Caesar who was anointed god. Authorities maintain that the divine lord Augustus established the length of the months we use today and setting all the years before his anointment as the divine son of god which was in 26 BC) and AD 14 Augustus Decsuss. Before Caesar Greek philosopher Heraclitus was the first to use the term Logos in a metaphysical sense he asserted that the world is governed by a fire like Logos, a divine force that produces the order and pattern discernible in the flux of nature. He believed that this force is similar to human reason and that his own thought partook of the divine Logos. Philosophical Hellenistic had conceived of the Logos as the personified agent of the divine being, the agent of creation, revelation, and redemptive action. In writings Julius' Father- Son relationship with the God's is projected back into eternity, and this equation of the Son with the incarnate Logos results in the use of the predicate God for the preexistence Word the incarnate Son and the risen Caesar. But God in this context is carefully nuanced: The Son is not God-in-himself. Rather, through the Son, God goes out of himself, communicating himself in the action of creation, revelation, and salvation. Consequently, Son of God and Son of man, which were originally terms expressive of the sacred and the holy for it is he are divine lord Augustus who wears the Armour of the lord and his role in salvation acquire a metaphysical import and come to denote his righteous divine being. The adored and glorified Augustus Caesar whose name means sacred; holy; blessed; beatified; consecrated; hallowed is worthy of the respect and veneration which is Divi filius that of the true {"Son of god"}truth be known. THE BIRTH & ASCENSION BORN 63 BC AGED 76 DIED 14 AD THE HOLY STAR OF THE SON OF GOD SAVIOR OF PEACE In 1705 the English astronomer Edmond Halley published a work that included his calculations showing that comets observed in 1531, 1607, and 1682 were really one comet and predicting that comet's return in 1758. The co...met was sighted late in 1758, passed perihelion in March 1759, and was named in Haley's honor. Much of his work was based on study of Julian calendar also taking in account the age of Augustus Caesar at the time of his death 76 and date 14 AD. Augustus nevertheless emphasized his birth in the sign of Capricornus (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Augustus This is to be regarded as his "second birth" as C. Iulius Divi filius Caesar which was geopolitical defined by the appearance of the Julian star in conjunction with Capricornus that occupied the Ascendant and horoscope during comet rise on July 23, 44 BC, The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games see also the Capricorn with the Julian star in the background on the disk from the gemma Augustea). Additional evidence can be found in the worship of Augustus as a sun god, illustrated e.g. by the astral symbolism of the cult of Divus Iulius since the appearance of the sidus Iulium, to which the Augustan nimbus is attributed ( also Octavian in Publius Virgilius Maro, Aeneid or by the solarium Augusti, and furthermore by the general identification of Augustus as Sol, who later as Sol Invictus was closely connected with the Roman emperors and whose festive day was December 25. also some statues from the cult of Divus Iulius with the inscription Deo Invicto, which was adopted as Deo Soli Invicto Imperatori for the cult of Sol Invictus.) Therefore the period of December 23 to 26 would have to be assumed for the festivities of his astrological day of rebirth. This alternative birthday—as strong as this idea might have been with the Roman people. Augustus took pleasure in the view that the comet "had come into being for him and that he was coming into being in it" (Gaius Plinius Secundus.
Especially important in the consideration of Caesarainology is the pervasive consciousness of this period, and that so many modern scholars think that Julius and Augustus shared in this consciousness of living at the end of time within their teachings.
Four early patterns of caesarainological thinking can be discerned within the earliest of these two focuses-looking backward to Julius's earthly life on being elected to the pontificate, an important college of Roman priests and as Pontifex Maximus and was head of the state religion. When we talk of Julius Caesar as the father! We can also mean the one in the same the divine lord Augustus Caesar as the son! for it is because when Gaius Octavius Caesar consequently inherited the name Gaius Julius Caesar it is then at the monumental moment when all that is holy and majestic is given the anointed name Augustus upon which divi filuis is also added and the supreme authority over Rome the magnificence that is Rome is the renamed Gaius Augustus Octavius Julius Caesar the Son of God Lord and emperor.
In a second two-stage caesarainological formulation the earthly Julius was also seen as the prophet-servant of the spirit of Juppiter,The death of Aeneas is described by Dionysius of
Halicarnassus. After he had fallen in battle against the Rutuli, his body could
not be found, and he was thereafter worshiped as a local god, Juppiter indiges.The genius or spirit was one of the family spirits of the household. He represented the male lineage, the 'manhood' of the family. And his domain also concerned the ability to father children.
Given the prominence men enjoyed within the Roman family, the genius was seen as a spirit of some considerable importance to the household. After Julius's death the hopes of his disciples were vindicated only by their experience of Julius's resurrection & his Genius returned within his son Augustus and the birth of the Trinity (theology), in Caesarian theology, doctrine that the God's exists as three persons Holy Spirit Father,+ Son, who are united in one substance or being.With the wishes of the roman Citizen is all so then made holy by the saving grace that is Augustus in its most general sense, an individual member of a given political society or state; by extension, one who owes allegiance to and may lawfully demand protection from the government of that state. Augustus was declared to have become sanctified divine wearer of the Armour of the lord defender of truth and Son of God. When Gaius Octavius Caesar consequently inherited the name Gaius Julius Caesar, to which historians have added Octavianus; it is then Julius Caesars exaltation was made perfect and the people of Rome razed there right hand in a salute and homage saying unto him HAIL BE TO THE FATHER AND THE SON. The divine Right of Caesar, Emperor, Kings, ancient doctrine that sovereigns are representatives of the God's and derive their right to rule directly from the Gods. The monarch was considered the God's representative in all secular matters; the ruler filled this function in religious matters also. According to the doctrine, a ruler's power is not subject to secular limitation; the ruler is responsible only to the God's.
In the third pattern, these post resurrection titles were applied retrospectively to Julius in his earthly period in order to articulate the intrinsic connection between Julius' earthly ministry and his role as the vessel and materialization of the gods. A sending formula developed, with the God's as subject, his anointed Son as object, and a statement of saving purpose, For the God's so loved the world that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life At the moment of the sending which was identified with the naming of Octavians to Augustus
In the fourth pattern, expressed in the caesarainological hymns of the Hellenistic, Julius was identified with the Divine Wisdom, or Logos. Logos (Greek, word, reason, ratio), in ancient and especially in medieval philosophy and theology, the divine reason that acts as the ordering principle of the universe.
In 45 BC Julius Caesar, upon the advice of the Greek astronomer Sosigenes (flourished 1st century Before Caesar, BC}, decided to use a purely solar calendar. This calendar, known as the Julian calendar, fixed the normal year at 365 days, and the leap year, every fourth year, at 366 days. Leap year is so named because the extra day causes any date after February in a leap year to leap over one day in the week and to occur two days later in the week than it did in the previous year, rather than just one day later as in a normal year. The Julian calendar also established the order of the months and the days of the week as they exist in present-day calendars. In 44 BC Julius Caesar changed the name of the month Quintilis to Julius (July), after himself. The month Sextilis was renamed Augustus (August) in honor of the Roman emperor the son of god Caesar Augustus, who succeeded Julius Caesar who was anointed god. Authorities maintain that the divine lord Augustus established the length of the months we use today and setting all the years before his anointment as the divine son of god which was in 26 BC) and AD 14 Augustus Decsuss. Before Caesar Greek philosopher Heraclitus was the first to use the term Logos in a metaphysical sense he asserted that the world is governed by a fire like Logos, a divine force that produces the order and pattern discernible in the flux of nature. He believed that this force is similar to human reason and that his own thought partook of the divine Logos. Philosophical Hellenistic had conceived of the Logos as the personified agent of the divine being, the agent of creation, revelation, and redemptive action. In writings Julius' Father- Son relationship with the God's is projected back into eternity, and this equation of the Son with the incarnate Logos results in the use of the predicate God for the preexistence Word the incarnate Son and the risen Caesar. But God in this context is carefully nuanced: The Son is not God-in-himself. Rather, through the Son, God goes out of himself, communicating himself in the action of creation, revelation, and salvation. Consequently, Son of God and Son of man, which were originally terms expressive of the sacred and the holy for it is he are divine lord Augustus who wears the Armour of the lord and his role in salvation acquire a metaphysical import and come to denote his righteous divine being. The adored and glorified Augustus Caesar whose name means sacred; holy; blessed; beatified; consecrated; hallowed is worthy of the respect and veneration which is Divi filius that of the true {"Son of god"}truth be known. THE BIRTH & ASCENSION BORN 63 BC AGED 76 DIED 14 AD THE HOLY STAR OF THE SON OF GOD SAVIOR OF PEACE In 1705 the English astronomer Edmond Halley published a work that included his calculations showing that comets observed in 1531, 1607, and 1682 were really one comet and predicting that comet's return in 1758. The co...met was sighted late in 1758, passed perihelion in March 1759, and was named in Haley's honor. Much of his work was based on study of Julian calendar also taking in account the age of Augustus Caesar at the time of his death 76 and date 14 AD. Augustus nevertheless emphasized his birth in the sign of Capricornus (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Augustus This is to be regarded as his "second birth" as C. Iulius Divi filius Caesar which was geopolitical defined by the appearance of the Julian star in conjunction with Capricornus that occupied the Ascendant and horoscope during comet rise on July 23, 44 BC, The Comet of 44 B.C. and Caesar's Funeral Games see also the Capricorn with the Julian star in the background on the disk from the gemma Augustea). Additional evidence can be found in the worship of Augustus as a sun god, illustrated e.g. by the astral symbolism of the cult of Divus Iulius since the appearance of the sidus Iulium, to which the Augustan nimbus is attributed ( also Octavian in Publius Virgilius Maro, Aeneid or by the solarium Augusti, and furthermore by the general identification of Augustus as Sol, who later as Sol Invictus was closely connected with the Roman emperors and whose festive day was December 25. also some statues from the cult of Divus Iulius with the inscription Deo Invicto, which was adopted as Deo Soli Invicto Imperatori for the cult of Sol Invictus.) Therefore the period of December 23 to 26 would have to be assumed for the festivities of his astrological day of rebirth. This alternative birthday—as strong as this idea might have been with the Roman people. Augustus took pleasure in the view that the comet "had come into being for him and that he was coming into being in it" (Gaius Plinius Secundus.
replied to: ClaudiusII
Augustus1
Replied to: Quo Usque Tandem Habutere Patientia Nostra Augustus1..............?
Trajan also had...
A copy is set out below of "The achievements of the Divine Augustus, by which he brought the world under the empire of the Roman people, and of the expenses which he bore for the state and people of Rome"; the original is engraved on two bronze pillars set up at Rome.
1) At the age of nineteen [44 BC] on my own responsibility and at my own expense I raised an army, with which I successfully championed the liberty of the republic when it was oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. 2 On that account the senate passed decrees in my honor enrolling me in its order in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius [43 BC], assigning me the right to give my opinion among the consulars and giving me imperium. 3 It ordered me as a propraetor to provide in concert with the consuls that the republic should come to no harm. 4 In the same year, when both consuls had fallen in battle, the people appointed me consul and triumvir for the organization of the republic.
2) I drove into exile the murderers of my father, avenging their crime through tribunals established by law [43 BC]; and afterwards, when they made war on the republic, I twice defeated them in battle [42 BC].
3) I undertook many civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the world, and as victor I spared the lives of all citizens who asked for mercy. 2 When foreign peoples could safely be pardoned I preferred to preserve rather than to exterminate them. 3 The Roman citizens who took the soldier's oath of obedience to me numbered about 500,000. I settled rather more than 300,000 of these in colonies or sent them back to their home towns after their period of service; to all these I assigned lands or gave money as rewards for their military service. 4 I captured six hundred ships, not counting ships smaller than triremes.
4) I celebrated two ovations and three curule triumphs and I was twenty-one times saluted as imperator. The senate decreed still more triumphs to me, all of which I declined. I laid the bay leaves with which my fasces were wreathed in the Capitol after fulfilling all the vows which I had made in each war. 2 On fifty-five occasions the senate decreed that thanksgivings should be offered to the immortal gods on account of the successes on land and sea gained by me or by my legates acting under my auspices. The days on which thanksgivings were offered in accordance with decrees of the senate numbered eight hundred and ninety. 3 In my triumphs nine kings or children of kings were led before my chariot. 4 At the time of writing I have been consul thirteen times and am in the thirty-seventh year of tribunician power [AD 14].
5) The dictatorship was offered to me by both senate and people in my absence and when I was at Rome in the consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius [22 BC], but I refused it. 2 I did not decline in the great dearth of corn to undertake the charge of the corn-supply, which I so administered that within a few days I delivered the whole city from apprehension and immediate danger at my own cost and by my own efforts. 3 At that time the consulship was also offered to me, to be held each year for the rest of my life, and I refused it.
6) In the consulship of Marcus Vinicius and Quintus Lucretius [19 BC] and afterwards in that of Publius and Gnaeus Lentulus [18 BC], and thirdly in that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero [11 BC], the senate and people of Rome agreed that I should be appointed supervisor of laws and morals without a colleague and with supreme power, but I would not accept any office inconsistent with the custom of our ancestors. 2 The measures that the senate then desired me to take I carried out in virtue of my tribunician power. On five occasions, of my own initiative, I asked for and received from the senate a colleague in that power.
7) I was triumvir for the organization of the republic for ten consecutive years. 2 Up to the day of writing I have been princeps senatus for forty years. 3 I am pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimvir sacrisfaciundis, septemvir epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetialis.
8) In my fifth consulship [29 BC] I increased the number of patricians on the instructions of the people and the senate. 2 I revised the roll of the senate three times. In my sixth consulship with Marcus Agrippa as colleague [28 BC], I carried out a census of the people, and I performed a lustrum after a lapse of forty-two years; at that lustrum 4,063,000 Roman citizens were registered. 3 Then a second time I performed a lustrum with consular imperium and without a colleague, in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius [8 BC]; at that lustrum 4,233,000 citizens were registered. 4 Thirdly I performed a lustrum with consular imperium, with Tiberius Caesar, my son, as colleague, in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius [AD 14]; at that lustrum 4,957,000 citizens were registered. 5 By new laws passed on my proposal I brought back into use many exemplary practices of our ancestors which were disappearing in our time, and in many ways I myself transmitted exemplary practices to posterity for their imitation.
9) The senate decreed that vows should be undertaken every fifth year by the consuls and priests for my health. In fulfillment of these vows games have frequently been celebrated in my lifetime, sometimes by the four most distinguished colleges of priests, sometimes by the consuls. 2 Moreover, all the citizens, individually and on behalf of their towns, have unanimously and continuously offered prayers at all the pulvinaria for my health.
10) My name was inserted in the hymn of the Salii by a decree of the senate, and it was enacted by law that my person should be inviolable forever and that I should hold the tribunician power for the duration of my life. 2 I declined to be made pontifex maximus in the place of my colleague who was still alive, when the people offered me this priesthood which my father had held. Some years later, after the death of the man who had taken the opportunity of civil disturbance to seize it for himself, I received this priesthood, in the consulship of Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius [12 BC], and such a concourse poured in from the whole of Italy to my election as has never been recorded at Rome before that time.
11) The senate consecrated the altar of Fortuna Redux before the temples of Honour and Virtue at the Porta Capena in honour of my return, and it ordered that the pontifices and Vestal Virgins should make an annual sacrifice there on the anniversary of my return to the city from Syria in the consulship of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinicius [12 October 19 BC], and it named the day the Augustalia from my cognomen.
12) In accordance with the will of the senate some of the praetors and tribunes of the plebs with the consul Quintus Lucretius and the leading men were sent to Campania to meet me, an honor that up to the present day has been decreed to no one besides myself. 2 On my return from Spain and Gaul in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius [13 BC] after successfully arranging affairs in those provinces, the senate resolved that an altar of the Augustan Peace should be consecrated next to the Campus Martius in honor of my return, and ordered that the magistrates and priests and Vestal virgins should perform an annual sacrifice there.
13) It was the will of our ancestors that the gateway of Janus Quirinus should be shut when victories had secured peace by land and sea throughout the whole empire of the Roman people; from the foundation of the city down to my birth, tradition records that it was shut only twice, but while I was the leading citizen the senate resolved that it should be shut on three occasions.
14) My sons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, of whom Fortune bereaved me in their youth, were for my honor designated as consuls by the senate and people of Rome when they were fourteen, with the provision that they should enter on that magistracy after the lapse of five years. And the senate decreed that from the day when they were led into the forum they should take part in the councils of state. 2 Furthermore each of them was presented with silver shields and spears by the whole body of equites Romani and hailed as princeps iuventutis.
15) To each member of the Roman plebs I paid under my father's will 300 s esterces [44 BC], and in my own name I gave them 400 each from the booty of war in my fifth consulship [29 BC], and once again in my tenth consulship [24 BC] I paid out 400 sesterces as a largesse to each man from my own patrimony, and in my eleventh consulship [23 BC] I bought grain with my own money and distributed twelve rations apiece, and in the twelfth year of my tribunician power [11 BC] I gave every man 400 sesterces for the third time. These largesses of mine never reached fewer than 250,000 persons. 2 In the eighteenth year of my tribunician power [5 BC] and my twelfth consulship I gave 240 sesterces apiece to 320,000 members of the urban plebs. 3 In my fifth consulship [29 BC] I gave 1,000 sesterces out of booty to every one of the colonists drawn from my soldiers; about 120,000 men in the colonies received this largesse at the time of my triumph. 4 In my thirteenth consulship [2 BC] I gave 60 denarii apiece to the plebs who were then in receipt of public grain ; they comprised a few more than 200,000 persons.
16) I paid cash to the towns for the lands that I assigned to soldiers in my fourth consulship, and later in the consulship of Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Lentulus. The sum amounted to about 600,000,000 sesterces paid for lands in Italy, and about 260,000,000 disbursed for provincial lands. Of all those who founded military colonies in Italy or the provinces I was the first and only one to have done this in the recollection of my contemporaries. 2 Later, in the consulships of Tiberius Nero and Gnaeus Piso [7 BC], of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius [6 BC], of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus [4 BC], of Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messalla [3 BC], and of Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius [2 BC], I paid monetary rewards to soldiers whom I settled in their home towns after completion of their service, and on this account I expended about 400,000,000 sesterces.
17) Four times I assisted the treasury with my own money, so that I transferred to the administrators of the treasury 150,000,000 sesterces. 2 In the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius [AD 6], when the military treasury was founded by my advice for the purpose of paying rewards to soldiers who had served for twenty years or more, I transferred to it from my own patrimony 170,000,000 sesterces.
18) From the consulship of Gnaeus and Publius Lentulus [18 BC] onwards, whenever the taxes did not suffice, I made distributions of grain and money from my own granary and patrimony, sometimes to 100,000 persons, sometimes to many more.
19) I built the Senate House, and the Chalcidicum adjacent to it, the temple of Apollo on the Palatine with its porticoes, the temple of the divine Julius, the Lupercal, the portico at the Flaminian circus, which I permitted to bear the name of the portico of Octavius after the man who erected the previous portico on the same site, a pulvinar at the Circus Maximus, (2) the temples on the Capitol of Jupiter Feretrius and Jupiter the Thunderer, the temple of Quirinus, the temples of Minerva and Queen Juno and Jupiter Libertas on the Aventine, the temple of the Lares at the top of the Sacred Way, the temple of the Di Penates in the Velia, the temple of Youth, and the temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.
20) I restored the Capitol and the theatre of Pompey, both works at great expense without inscribing my own name on either. 2 I restored the channels of the aqueducts, which in several places were falling into disrepair through age, and I brought water from a new spring into the aqueduct called Marcia, doubling the supply. 3 I completed the Forum Julium and the basilica between the temples of Castor and Saturn, works begun and almost finished by my father, and when that same basilica was destroyed by fire [AD 12], I began to rebuild it on an enlarged site, to be dedicated in the name of my sons, and in case I do not complete it in my life time, I have given orders that it should be completed by my heirs. 4 In my sixth consulship [28 BC] I restored eighty-two temples of the gods in the city on the authority of the senate, neglecting none that required restoration at that time. 5 In my seventh consulship [27 BC] I restored the Via Flaminia from the city as far as Rimini, together with all bridges except the Mulvian and the Minucian.
21) I built the temple of Mars the Avenger and the Forum Augustum on private ground from the proceeds of booty. I built the theatre adjacent to the temple of Apollo on ground in large part bought from private owners, and provided that it should be called after Marcus Marcellus, my son-in-law. 2 From the proceeds of booty I dedicated gifts in the Capitol and in the temples of the divine Julius, of Apollo, of Vesta and of Mars the Avenger; this cost me about 100,000,000 sesterces. 3 In my fifth consulship [28 BC] I remitted 55,000 lb. of aurum coronarium contributed by the municipia and colonies of Italy to my triumphs, and later, whenever I was acclaimed imperator, I refused the aurum coronarium which the municipia and colonies continued to vote with the same good will as before.
22) I gave three gladiatorial games in my own name and five in that of my sons or grandsons; at these games some 10,000 men took part in combat. Twice in my own name and a third time in that of my grandson I presented to the people displays by athletes summoned from all parts. 2 I produced shows in my own name four times and in place of other magistrates twenty-three times. On behalf of the college of quindecimviri, as its president, with Marcus Agrippa as colleague, I produced the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus [17 BC]. In my thirteenth consulship [2 BC] I was the first to produce the games of Mars, which thereafter in each succeeding year have been produced by the consuls in accordance with a decree of the senate and by statute. 3 I gave beast-hunts of African beasts in my own name or in that of my sons and grandsons in the circus or forum or amphitheater on twenty-six occasions, on which about 3,500 beasts were destroyed.
23) I produced a naval battle as a show for the people at the place across the Tiber now occupied by the grove of the Caesars, where a site 1,800 feet long and 1,200 broad was excavated. There thirty beaked triremes or biremes and still more smaller vessels were joined in battle. About 3,000 men, besides the rowers, fought in these fleets.
24) After my victory, I replaced in the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia the ornaments which my late adversary, after despoiling the temples, had taken into his private possession. 2 Some eighty silver statues of me, on foot, on horse and in chariots) had been set up in Rome; I myself removed them, and with the money that they realized I set golden offerings in the temple of Apollo, in my own name and in the names of those who had honored me with the statues.
25) I made the sea peaceful and freed it of pirates. In that war I captured about 30,000 slaves who had escaped from their masters and taken up arms against the republic, and I handed them over to their masters for punishment. 2 The whole of Italy of its own free will swore allegiance to me and demanded me as the leader in the war in which I was victorious at Actium. The Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore the same oath of allegiance. 3 More than seven hundred senators served under my standards at that time, including eighty-three who previously or subsequently (down to the time of writing) were appointed consuls, and about one hundred and seventy who were appointed priests..
26) I extended the territory of all those provinces of the Roman people on whose borders lay peoples not subject to our government. 2 I brought peace to the Gallic and Spanish provinces as well as to Germany, throughout the area bordering on the Ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the Elbe. 3 I secured the pacification of the Alps from the district nearest the Adriatic to the Tuscan sea, yet without waging an unjust war on any people. 4 My fleet sailed through the ocean eastwards from the mouth of the Rhine to the territory of the Cimbri, a country which no Roman had visited before either by land or sea, and the Cimbri, Charydes, Semnones and other German peoples of that region sent ambassadors and sought my friendship and that of the Roman people. 5 At my command and under my auspices two armies were led almost at the same time into Ethiopia and Arabia Felix; vast enemy forces of both peoples were cut down in battle and many towns captured. Ethiopia was penetrated as far as the town of Nabata, which adjoins Meroe; in Arabia the army advanced into the territory of the Sabaeans to the town of Mariba.
27) I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people. 2 Greater Armenia I might have made a province after its king, Artaxes had been killed, but I preferred, following the model set by our ancestors, to hand over that kingdom to Tigranes, son of King Artavasdes and grandson of King Tigranes; Tiberius Nero, who was then my stepson, carried this out. When the same people later rebelled and went to war, I subdued them through the agency of my son Gaius and handed them over to be ruled by King Ariobarzanes, son of Artabazus, King of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was killed, I sent Tigranes, a scion of the royal Armenian house, to that kingdom. 3 I recovered all the provinces beyond the Adriatic sea towards the east, together with Cyrene, the greater part of them being then occupied by kings. I had previously recovered Sicily and Sardinia which had been seized in the slave war.
28) I founded colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spanish provinces, Achaea, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and Pisidia. 2 Italy too has twenty-eight colonies founded by my authority, which were densely populated in my lifetime.
29) By victories over enemies I recovered in Spain and in Gaul, and from the Dalmatians several standards lost by other commanders. 2 I compelled the Parthians to restore to me the spoils and standards of three Roman armies and to ask as suppliants for the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards I deposited in the innermost shrine of the temple of Mars the Avenger.
30) The Pannonian peoples, whom the army of the Roman people never approached before I was the leading citizen, were conquered through the agency of Tiberius Nero, who was then my stepson and legate; I brought them into the empire of the Roman people, and extended the frontier of Illyricum to the banks of the Danube. 2 When an army of Dacians crossed the Danube, it was defeated and routed under my auspices, and later my army crossed the Danube and compelled the Dacian peoples to submit to the commands of the Roman people.
31) Embassies from kings in India were frequently sent to me never before had they been seen with any Roman commander. 2 The Bastarnae, Scythians and the kings of the Sarmatians on either side of the river Don, and the kings of the Albanians and the Iberians and the Medes sent embassies to seek our friendship.
32) The following kings sought refuge with me as suppliants: Tiridates, King of Parthia, and later Phraates son of King Phraates; Artavasdes, King of the Medes ; Artaxares, King of the Adiabeni; Dumnobellaunus and Tincommius, Kings of the Britons; Maelo, King of the Sugambri; ... rus, King of the Marcomanni and Suebi. 2 Phraates, son of Orodes, King of Parthia, sent all his sons and grandsons to me in Italy, not that he had been overcome in war, but because he sought our friendship by pledging his children. 3 While I was the leading citizen very many other peoples have experienced the good faith of the Roman people which had never previously exchanged embassies or had friendly relations with the Roman people.
33) The Parthian and Median peoples sent to me ambassadors of their nobility who sought and received kings from me, for the Parthians Vonones, son of King Phraates, grandson of King Orodes, and for the Medes, Ariobarzanes, son of King Artavasdes, grandson of King Ariobarzanes.
34) In my sixth and seventh consulships [28-27 BC], after I had extinguished civil wars, and at a time when with universal consent I was in complete control of affairs, I transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome. 2 For this service of mine I was named Augustus by decree of the senate, and the door-posts of my house were publicly wreathed with bay leaves and a civic crown was fixed over my door and a golden shield was set in the Curia Julia, which, as attested by the inscription thereon, was given me by the senate and people of Rome on account of my courage, clemency, justice and piety. 3 After this time I excelled all in influence [auctoritas], although I possessed no more official power [potestas] than others who were my colleagues in the several magistracies.
35) In my thirteenth consulship [2 BC] the senate, the equestrian order and the whole people of Rome gave me the title of Father of my Country, and resolved that this should be inscribed in the porch of my house and in the Curia Julia and in the Forum Augustum below the chariot which had been set there in my honor by decree of the senate. 2 At the time of writing I am in my seventy-sixth year.
Appendix
1) The amount of money that he gave to the treasury or to the Roman plebs or to discharged soldiers was 2,400,000,000 sesterces.
2) His new buildings were: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter the Thunderer and Feretrius, of Apollo, of the divine Julius, of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Queen Juno, of Jupiter Libertas, of the Lares, of the Di Penates, of Youth, of the Great Mother, the Lupercal, the shrine at the Circus, the Senate House with the Chalcidicum, the Forum Augustum, the Basilica Julia, the theatre of Marcellus, the Octavian portico, the grove of the Caesars beyond the Tiber.
3) He restored the Capitol and sacred buildings to the number of eighty-two, the theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts and the Via Flaminia.
4) The expenditure that he devoted to dramatic shows, to gladiatorial exhibitions and athletes and hunts and the sea battle, and the money granted to colonies, municipia, towns destroyed by earthquake and fire or to individual friends and senators whose property qualification he made up, was beyond counting.
1) At the age of nineteen [44 BC] on my own responsibility and at my own expense I raised an army, with which I successfully championed the liberty of the republic when it was oppressed by the tyranny of a faction. 2 On that account the senate passed decrees in my honor enrolling me in its order in the consulship of Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius [43 BC], assigning me the right to give my opinion among the consulars and giving me imperium. 3 It ordered me as a propraetor to provide in concert with the consuls that the republic should come to no harm. 4 In the same year, when both consuls had fallen in battle, the people appointed me consul and triumvir for the organization of the republic.
2) I drove into exile the murderers of my father, avenging their crime through tribunals established by law [43 BC]; and afterwards, when they made war on the republic, I twice defeated them in battle [42 BC].
3) I undertook many civil and foreign wars by land and sea throughout the world, and as victor I spared the lives of all citizens who asked for mercy. 2 When foreign peoples could safely be pardoned I preferred to preserve rather than to exterminate them. 3 The Roman citizens who took the soldier's oath of obedience to me numbered about 500,000. I settled rather more than 300,000 of these in colonies or sent them back to their home towns after their period of service; to all these I assigned lands or gave money as rewards for their military service. 4 I captured six hundred ships, not counting ships smaller than triremes.
4) I celebrated two ovations and three curule triumphs and I was twenty-one times saluted as imperator. The senate decreed still more triumphs to me, all of which I declined. I laid the bay leaves with which my fasces were wreathed in the Capitol after fulfilling all the vows which I had made in each war. 2 On fifty-five occasions the senate decreed that thanksgivings should be offered to the immortal gods on account of the successes on land and sea gained by me or by my legates acting under my auspices. The days on which thanksgivings were offered in accordance with decrees of the senate numbered eight hundred and ninety. 3 In my triumphs nine kings or children of kings were led before my chariot. 4 At the time of writing I have been consul thirteen times and am in the thirty-seventh year of tribunician power [AD 14].
5) The dictatorship was offered to me by both senate and people in my absence and when I was at Rome in the consulship of Marcus Marcellus and Lucius Arruntius [22 BC], but I refused it. 2 I did not decline in the great dearth of corn to undertake the charge of the corn-supply, which I so administered that within a few days I delivered the whole city from apprehension and immediate danger at my own cost and by my own efforts. 3 At that time the consulship was also offered to me, to be held each year for the rest of my life, and I refused it.
6) In the consulship of Marcus Vinicius and Quintus Lucretius [19 BC] and afterwards in that of Publius and Gnaeus Lentulus [18 BC], and thirdly in that of Paullus Fabius Maximus and Quintus Tubero [11 BC], the senate and people of Rome agreed that I should be appointed supervisor of laws and morals without a colleague and with supreme power, but I would not accept any office inconsistent with the custom of our ancestors. 2 The measures that the senate then desired me to take I carried out in virtue of my tribunician power. On five occasions, of my own initiative, I asked for and received from the senate a colleague in that power.
7) I was triumvir for the organization of the republic for ten consecutive years. 2 Up to the day of writing I have been princeps senatus for forty years. 3 I am pontifex maximus, augur, quindecimvir sacrisfaciundis, septemvir epulonum, frater arvalis, sodalis Titius, fetialis.
8) In my fifth consulship [29 BC] I increased the number of patricians on the instructions of the people and the senate. 2 I revised the roll of the senate three times. In my sixth consulship with Marcus Agrippa as colleague [28 BC], I carried out a census of the people, and I performed a lustrum after a lapse of forty-two years; at that lustrum 4,063,000 Roman citizens were registered. 3 Then a second time I performed a lustrum with consular imperium and without a colleague, in the consulship of Gaius Censorinus and Gaius Asinius [8 BC]; at that lustrum 4,233,000 citizens were registered. 4 Thirdly I performed a lustrum with consular imperium, with Tiberius Caesar, my son, as colleague, in the consulship of Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Appuleius [AD 14]; at that lustrum 4,957,000 citizens were registered. 5 By new laws passed on my proposal I brought back into use many exemplary practices of our ancestors which were disappearing in our time, and in many ways I myself transmitted exemplary practices to posterity for their imitation.
9) The senate decreed that vows should be undertaken every fifth year by the consuls and priests for my health. In fulfillment of these vows games have frequently been celebrated in my lifetime, sometimes by the four most distinguished colleges of priests, sometimes by the consuls. 2 Moreover, all the citizens, individually and on behalf of their towns, have unanimously and continuously offered prayers at all the pulvinaria for my health.
10) My name was inserted in the hymn of the Salii by a decree of the senate, and it was enacted by law that my person should be inviolable forever and that I should hold the tribunician power for the duration of my life. 2 I declined to be made pontifex maximus in the place of my colleague who was still alive, when the people offered me this priesthood which my father had held. Some years later, after the death of the man who had taken the opportunity of civil disturbance to seize it for himself, I received this priesthood, in the consulship of Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius [12 BC], and such a concourse poured in from the whole of Italy to my election as has never been recorded at Rome before that time.
11) The senate consecrated the altar of Fortuna Redux before the temples of Honour and Virtue at the Porta Capena in honour of my return, and it ordered that the pontifices and Vestal Virgins should make an annual sacrifice there on the anniversary of my return to the city from Syria in the consulship of Quintus Lucretius and Marcus Vinicius [12 October 19 BC], and it named the day the Augustalia from my cognomen.
12) In accordance with the will of the senate some of the praetors and tribunes of the plebs with the consul Quintus Lucretius and the leading men were sent to Campania to meet me, an honor that up to the present day has been decreed to no one besides myself. 2 On my return from Spain and Gaul in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Publius Quintilius [13 BC] after successfully arranging affairs in those provinces, the senate resolved that an altar of the Augustan Peace should be consecrated next to the Campus Martius in honor of my return, and ordered that the magistrates and priests and Vestal virgins should perform an annual sacrifice there.
13) It was the will of our ancestors that the gateway of Janus Quirinus should be shut when victories had secured peace by land and sea throughout the whole empire of the Roman people; from the foundation of the city down to my birth, tradition records that it was shut only twice, but while I was the leading citizen the senate resolved that it should be shut on three occasions.
14) My sons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, of whom Fortune bereaved me in their youth, were for my honor designated as consuls by the senate and people of Rome when they were fourteen, with the provision that they should enter on that magistracy after the lapse of five years. And the senate decreed that from the day when they were led into the forum they should take part in the councils of state. 2 Furthermore each of them was presented with silver shields and spears by the whole body of equites Romani and hailed as princeps iuventutis.
15) To each member of the Roman plebs I paid under my father's will 300 s esterces [44 BC], and in my own name I gave them 400 each from the booty of war in my fifth consulship [29 BC], and once again in my tenth consulship [24 BC] I paid out 400 sesterces as a largesse to each man from my own patrimony, and in my eleventh consulship [23 BC] I bought grain with my own money and distributed twelve rations apiece, and in the twelfth year of my tribunician power [11 BC] I gave every man 400 sesterces for the third time. These largesses of mine never reached fewer than 250,000 persons. 2 In the eighteenth year of my tribunician power [5 BC] and my twelfth consulship I gave 240 sesterces apiece to 320,000 members of the urban plebs. 3 In my fifth consulship [29 BC] I gave 1,000 sesterces out of booty to every one of the colonists drawn from my soldiers; about 120,000 men in the colonies received this largesse at the time of my triumph. 4 In my thirteenth consulship [2 BC] I gave 60 denarii apiece to the plebs who were then in receipt of public grain ; they comprised a few more than 200,000 persons.
16) I paid cash to the towns for the lands that I assigned to soldiers in my fourth consulship, and later in the consulship of Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Lentulus. The sum amounted to about 600,000,000 sesterces paid for lands in Italy, and about 260,000,000 disbursed for provincial lands. Of all those who founded military colonies in Italy or the provinces I was the first and only one to have done this in the recollection of my contemporaries. 2 Later, in the consulships of Tiberius Nero and Gnaeus Piso [7 BC], of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laelius [6 BC], of Gaius Calvisius and Lucius Pasienus [4 BC], of Lucius Lentulus and Marcus Messalla [3 BC], and of Lucius Caninius and Quintus Fabricius [2 BC], I paid monetary rewards to soldiers whom I settled in their home towns after completion of their service, and on this account I expended about 400,000,000 sesterces.
17) Four times I assisted the treasury with my own money, so that I transferred to the administrators of the treasury 150,000,000 sesterces. 2 In the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius [AD 6], when the military treasury was founded by my advice for the purpose of paying rewards to soldiers who had served for twenty years or more, I transferred to it from my own patrimony 170,000,000 sesterces.
18) From the consulship of Gnaeus and Publius Lentulus [18 BC] onwards, whenever the taxes did not suffice, I made distributions of grain and money from my own granary and patrimony, sometimes to 100,000 persons, sometimes to many more.
19) I built the Senate House, and the Chalcidicum adjacent to it, the temple of Apollo on the Palatine with its porticoes, the temple of the divine Julius, the Lupercal, the portico at the Flaminian circus, which I permitted to bear the name of the portico of Octavius after the man who erected the previous portico on the same site, a pulvinar at the Circus Maximus, (2) the temples on the Capitol of Jupiter Feretrius and Jupiter the Thunderer, the temple of Quirinus, the temples of Minerva and Queen Juno and Jupiter Libertas on the Aventine, the temple of the Lares at the top of the Sacred Way, the temple of the Di Penates in the Velia, the temple of Youth, and the temple of the Great Mother on the Palatine.
20) I restored the Capitol and the theatre of Pompey, both works at great expense without inscribing my own name on either. 2 I restored the channels of the aqueducts, which in several places were falling into disrepair through age, and I brought water from a new spring into the aqueduct called Marcia, doubling the supply. 3 I completed the Forum Julium and the basilica between the temples of Castor and Saturn, works begun and almost finished by my father, and when that same basilica was destroyed by fire [AD 12], I began to rebuild it on an enlarged site, to be dedicated in the name of my sons, and in case I do not complete it in my life time, I have given orders that it should be completed by my heirs. 4 In my sixth consulship [28 BC] I restored eighty-two temples of the gods in the city on the authority of the senate, neglecting none that required restoration at that time. 5 In my seventh consulship [27 BC] I restored the Via Flaminia from the city as far as Rimini, together with all bridges except the Mulvian and the Minucian.
21) I built the temple of Mars the Avenger and the Forum Augustum on private ground from the proceeds of booty. I built the theatre adjacent to the temple of Apollo on ground in large part bought from private owners, and provided that it should be called after Marcus Marcellus, my son-in-law. 2 From the proceeds of booty I dedicated gifts in the Capitol and in the temples of the divine Julius, of Apollo, of Vesta and of Mars the Avenger; this cost me about 100,000,000 sesterces. 3 In my fifth consulship [28 BC] I remitted 55,000 lb. of aurum coronarium contributed by the municipia and colonies of Italy to my triumphs, and later, whenever I was acclaimed imperator, I refused the aurum coronarium which the municipia and colonies continued to vote with the same good will as before.
22) I gave three gladiatorial games in my own name and five in that of my sons or grandsons; at these games some 10,000 men took part in combat. Twice in my own name and a third time in that of my grandson I presented to the people displays by athletes summoned from all parts. 2 I produced shows in my own name four times and in place of other magistrates twenty-three times. On behalf of the college of quindecimviri, as its president, with Marcus Agrippa as colleague, I produced the Secular Games in the consulship of Gaius Furnius and Gaius Silanus [17 BC]. In my thirteenth consulship [2 BC] I was the first to produce the games of Mars, which thereafter in each succeeding year have been produced by the consuls in accordance with a decree of the senate and by statute. 3 I gave beast-hunts of African beasts in my own name or in that of my sons and grandsons in the circus or forum or amphitheater on twenty-six occasions, on which about 3,500 beasts were destroyed.
23) I produced a naval battle as a show for the people at the place across the Tiber now occupied by the grove of the Caesars, where a site 1,800 feet long and 1,200 broad was excavated. There thirty beaked triremes or biremes and still more smaller vessels were joined in battle. About 3,000 men, besides the rowers, fought in these fleets.
24) After my victory, I replaced in the temples of all the cities of the province of Asia the ornaments which my late adversary, after despoiling the temples, had taken into his private possession. 2 Some eighty silver statues of me, on foot, on horse and in chariots) had been set up in Rome; I myself removed them, and with the money that they realized I set golden offerings in the temple of Apollo, in my own name and in the names of those who had honored me with the statues.
25) I made the sea peaceful and freed it of pirates. In that war I captured about 30,000 slaves who had escaped from their masters and taken up arms against the republic, and I handed them over to their masters for punishment. 2 The whole of Italy of its own free will swore allegiance to me and demanded me as the leader in the war in which I was victorious at Actium. The Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore the same oath of allegiance. 3 More than seven hundred senators served under my standards at that time, including eighty-three who previously or subsequently (down to the time of writing) were appointed consuls, and about one hundred and seventy who were appointed priests..
26) I extended the territory of all those provinces of the Roman people on whose borders lay peoples not subject to our government. 2 I brought peace to the Gallic and Spanish provinces as well as to Germany, throughout the area bordering on the Ocean from Cadiz to the mouth of the Elbe. 3 I secured the pacification of the Alps from the district nearest the Adriatic to the Tuscan sea, yet without waging an unjust war on any people. 4 My fleet sailed through the ocean eastwards from the mouth of the Rhine to the territory of the Cimbri, a country which no Roman had visited before either by land or sea, and the Cimbri, Charydes, Semnones and other German peoples of that region sent ambassadors and sought my friendship and that of the Roman people. 5 At my command and under my auspices two armies were led almost at the same time into Ethiopia and Arabia Felix; vast enemy forces of both peoples were cut down in battle and many towns captured. Ethiopia was penetrated as far as the town of Nabata, which adjoins Meroe; in Arabia the army advanced into the territory of the Sabaeans to the town of Mariba.
27) I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people. 2 Greater Armenia I might have made a province after its king, Artaxes had been killed, but I preferred, following the model set by our ancestors, to hand over that kingdom to Tigranes, son of King Artavasdes and grandson of King Tigranes; Tiberius Nero, who was then my stepson, carried this out. When the same people later rebelled and went to war, I subdued them through the agency of my son Gaius and handed them over to be ruled by King Ariobarzanes, son of Artabazus, King of the Medes, and after his death to his son Artavasdes. When he was killed, I sent Tigranes, a scion of the royal Armenian house, to that kingdom. 3 I recovered all the provinces beyond the Adriatic sea towards the east, together with Cyrene, the greater part of them being then occupied by kings. I had previously recovered Sicily and Sardinia which had been seized in the slave war.
28) I founded colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, both Spanish provinces, Achaea, Asia, Syria, Gallia Narbonensis and Pisidia. 2 Italy too has twenty-eight colonies founded by my authority, which were densely populated in my lifetime.
29) By victories over enemies I recovered in Spain and in Gaul, and from the Dalmatians several standards lost by other commanders. 2 I compelled the Parthians to restore to me the spoils and standards of three Roman armies and to ask as suppliants for the friendship of the Roman people. Those standards I deposited in the innermost shrine of the temple of Mars the Avenger.
30) The Pannonian peoples, whom the army of the Roman people never approached before I was the leading citizen, were conquered through the agency of Tiberius Nero, who was then my stepson and legate; I brought them into the empire of the Roman people, and extended the frontier of Illyricum to the banks of the Danube. 2 When an army of Dacians crossed the Danube, it was defeated and routed under my auspices, and later my army crossed the Danube and compelled the Dacian peoples to submit to the commands of the Roman people.
31) Embassies from kings in India were frequently sent to me never before had they been seen with any Roman commander. 2 The Bastarnae, Scythians and the kings of the Sarmatians on either side of the river Don, and the kings of the Albanians and the Iberians and the Medes sent embassies to seek our friendship.
32) The following kings sought refuge with me as suppliants: Tiridates, King of Parthia, and later Phraates son of King Phraates; Artavasdes, King of the Medes ; Artaxares, King of the Adiabeni; Dumnobellaunus and Tincommius, Kings of the Britons; Maelo, King of the Sugambri; ... rus, King of the Marcomanni and Suebi. 2 Phraates, son of Orodes, King of Parthia, sent all his sons and grandsons to me in Italy, not that he had been overcome in war, but because he sought our friendship by pledging his children. 3 While I was the leading citizen very many other peoples have experienced the good faith of the Roman people which had never previously exchanged embassies or had friendly relations with the Roman people.
33) The Parthian and Median peoples sent to me ambassadors of their nobility who sought and received kings from me, for the Parthians Vonones, son of King Phraates, grandson of King Orodes, and for the Medes, Ariobarzanes, son of King Artavasdes, grandson of King Ariobarzanes.
34) In my sixth and seventh consulships [28-27 BC], after I had extinguished civil wars, and at a time when with universal consent I was in complete control of affairs, I transferred the republic from my power to the dominion of the senate and people of Rome. 2 For this service of mine I was named Augustus by decree of the senate, and the door-posts of my house were publicly wreathed with bay leaves and a civic crown was fixed over my door and a golden shield was set in the Curia Julia, which, as attested by the inscription thereon, was given me by the senate and people of Rome on account of my courage, clemency, justice and piety. 3 After this time I excelled all in influence [auctoritas], although I possessed no more official power [potestas] than others who were my colleagues in the several magistracies.
35) In my thirteenth consulship [2 BC] the senate, the equestrian order and the whole people of Rome gave me the title of Father of my Country, and resolved that this should be inscribed in the porch of my house and in the Curia Julia and in the Forum Augustum below the chariot which had been set there in my honor by decree of the senate. 2 At the time of writing I am in my seventy-sixth year.
Appendix
1) The amount of money that he gave to the treasury or to the Roman plebs or to discharged soldiers was 2,400,000,000 sesterces.
2) His new buildings were: the temples of Mars, of Jupiter the Thunderer and Feretrius, of Apollo, of the divine Julius, of Quirinus, of Minerva, of Queen Juno, of Jupiter Libertas, of the Lares, of the Di Penates, of Youth, of the Great Mother, the Lupercal, the shrine at the Circus, the Senate House with the Chalcidicum, the Forum Augustum, the Basilica Julia, the theatre of Marcellus, the Octavian portico, the grove of the Caesars beyond the Tiber.
3) He restored the Capitol and sacred buildings to the number of eighty-two, the theatre of Pompey, the aqueducts and the Via Flaminia.
4) The expenditure that he devoted to dramatic shows, to gladiatorial exhibitions and athletes and hunts and the sea battle, and the money granted to colonies, municipia, towns destroyed by earthquake and fire or to individual friends and senators whose property qualification he made up, was beyond counting.
replied to: ClaudiusII
Augustus1
Replied to: Quo Usque Tandem Habutere Patientia Nostra Augustus1..............?
Trajan also had...
Princeps (plural: principes) is a LATIN word meaning "first in time or order; the first, chief, the most eminent, distinguished, or noble; the first man, first person I,E Augustus Caesar. So how can trajan be optimus princeps
replied to: bravotren
alakatrisha
Replied to: Who the most successful Emperor to rule the Roman Empire?...
All i know is that it was defonitly not a black guy.
replied to: alakatrisha
ClaudiusII
Replied to: All i know is that it was defonitly not a black...
No, not a "black guy" as you term the individual, but an AFRICAN. Look at Septimius Severus. He is from a town called "Leptis Magna". Cunning, Ruthless, Vain. This guy will
stand for NO opposition whatsoever. Is he like a President Obama...........? Hell no! Severus
used action not words to get things done.
stand for NO opposition whatsoever. Is he like a President Obama...........? Hell no! Severus
used action not words to get things done.
replied to: Augustus1
ClaudiusII
Replied to: A copy is set out below of "The achievements of the...
Augustus,
I am back !
Trajan reins with the Senatorial tile and earns the right of OPTIMUS PRINCEPS.
Augustus starts the Imperial Epoch. Trajan sets the standard on how an Emporer
is to rule and you see it with the the rest of the Antonines that follow. Had there
not been a Nerva to adopt Trajan, then it is most likely the Empire would have been
torn to pieces from within and without. Not saying that Trajan did not have problems,
but he takes the Empire from the Augustan boundries to it's greatest extent by 117 A.D.
Look at the maps and you see the exact extent. And he did this without a heavy tax
on the general public. Do I wish we could have an Augustus or a Trajan or the other
Antonine's in today's American or European politcal arena........? Hell NO! But at least to have the integrity and the mind of what it means to govern and to earn the respect of other
nations in peace and in war. I think you will agree with me that I do have the respect
for Augustus and I understand the fact he is IMPERATOR PRIMUS, but historians do
look at Trajan with unquestionable respect.
I am back !
Trajan reins with the Senatorial tile and earns the right of OPTIMUS PRINCEPS.
Augustus starts the Imperial Epoch. Trajan sets the standard on how an Emporer
is to rule and you see it with the the rest of the Antonines that follow. Had there
not been a Nerva to adopt Trajan, then it is most likely the Empire would have been
torn to pieces from within and without. Not saying that Trajan did not have problems,
but he takes the Empire from the Augustan boundries to it's greatest extent by 117 A.D.
Look at the maps and you see the exact extent. And he did this without a heavy tax
on the general public. Do I wish we could have an Augustus or a Trajan or the other
Antonine's in today's American or European politcal arena........? Hell NO! But at least to have the integrity and the mind of what it means to govern and to earn the respect of other
nations in peace and in war. I think you will agree with me that I do have the respect
for Augustus and I understand the fact he is IMPERATOR PRIMUS, but historians do
look at Trajan with unquestionable respect.
replied to: ClaudiusII
katie31098
Replied to: Augustus,
I am back !
Trajan reins with...
Ok i am like not so sure what yall are sayin is true,i don't know for a fact who the most powerful was but...
replied to: alakatrisha
katie31098
Replied to: All i know is that it was defonitly not a black...
You are so rasist
replied to: katie31098
Explorer72
Replied to: You are so rasist
And you can't spell.
replied to: katie31098
RayeJay425
Replied to: You are so rasist
Guys, are you seriously going to use a science discussion website to argue about racism?
RayeJay425
RayeJay425